3月热词有：全国两会胜利召开，十三届全国人大四次会议将审议通过全国人大常委会关于提请审议《全国人民代表大会关于完善香港特别行政区选举制度的决定（草案）》的议案；我国新冠疫苗接种人数超过1亿；中美高层战略对话；三星堆遗址出土文物“上新”；建党百年庆祝活动标识等。
单针接种疫苗 single dose vaccine
2月25日，由中国工程院院士、军事科学院军事医学研究院研究员陈薇领衔的团队研发的我国重组新冠病毒疫苗（腺病毒载体新冠疫苗），获国家药品监督管理局附条件批准（conditional market approval）上市注册申请。
The vaccine, called Ad5-nCoV, has an efficacy rate of 65.7 percent at preventing symptomatic cases and is 90.9 percent effective in preventing severe disease with a single injection, according to interim analysis of late-stage human trials released in February.
今年2月发布的三期人体试验中期结果显示，这款名为Ad5-nCoV的疫苗单针接种后，对抗轻症的有效性为65.7%，对重症的有效性为90.9%。
【知识点】
疫情发生以来，国务院联防联控机制科研攻关组专门设立疫苗研发专班，按照灭活疫苗（inactivated vaccines）、重组蛋白疫苗（recombinant protein vaccines）、腺病毒载体疫苗（adenovirus vector vaccines）、减毒流感病毒载体活疫苗（vaccines using attenuated influenza virus as vectors）、核酸疫苗（nucleic acid vaccines）5条技术路线共布局12项研发任务。
中国疫苗行业协会会长封多佳介绍，重组新冠腺病毒载体疫苗和我们熟知的新冠灭活疫苗在原理、制备方法等方面都不相同，但最终的免疫效果是一样的。腺病毒载体疫苗（adenovirus vector vaccines）本质上是核酸疫苗的一种，就是将病毒的核酸片段装到经过安全处理的腺病毒（genetically modified adenovirus）身上，再注射到人体内，这样可以最大限度地发挥病毒核酸的抗原活性，激发身体的免疫作用（induce an immune response）。灭活疫苗（inactivated vaccines）则是将病毒杀死，消除致病性，保留免疫性，同样是为了激发身体的免疫作用。
Targeting people aged above 18, the vaccine can be transported and stored at a temperature ranging from 2 to 8 degrees Celsius.
该疫苗接种对象为18岁以上人群，可在2至8摄氏度间运输和存储。
腺病毒载体疫苗单针保护期至少6个月
陈薇院士接受央视采访时表示：
Data shows a single dose should provide protection for six months, and there is no need to take an additional shot during the six-month period.
数据显示，单针接种产生的保护期为6个月，6个月内无需再接种。
We also created booster shots for inoculation after six months, and with a single booster, we can increase the immune response by 10 to 20 times. Based on available data, we estimate two shots can provide protection for two years.
我们也做了6个月以后的加强针，再打一针，免疫反应可以有10倍、20倍的增高。根据数据，我们推测在两针之后，达到两年的免疫持久性。
年产能可达5亿剂
陈薇院士表示：
China is capable of producing 500 million doses of the vaccine annually, which can cover 500 million people.
我国年产能可达到5亿剂，相当于是5亿人的接种。
宁愿备而不用，不能用而不备
In regards to the vaccine's efficacy against mutated strains of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, Chen said they are keeping a close eye on the situation and have begun developing vaccines for these new variants. "We may not need these vaccines, but we cannot be caught unprepared."
至于该疫苗对变异毒株的有效性，陈薇表示，他们团队在密切关注相关情况，且早已启动针对变异株的疫苗研发，这个疫苗不一定用得上，但宁愿备而不用，不能用而不备。
国家综合立体交通网 national comprehensive transport network
中共中央、国务院印发《国家综合立体交通网规划纲要》（以下简称《规划纲要》）。
Amid efforts to optimize the country's comprehensive transport layout, the total scale of the national comprehensive transport network will reach about 700,000 km by 2035, excluding the mileage of overseas sections of international land passages, air and sea routes and postal routes. Among them, there will be about 200,000 km of railways, 460,000 km of highways and 25,000 km of high-grade waterways, with 27 major coastal ports, 36 major inland ports, about 400 civil-transport airports and about 80 postal express-delivery hubs, the guidelines said.
《规划纲要》提出，优化全面交通布局，到2035年，国家综合立体交通网实体线网总规模合计70万公里左右（不含国际陆路通道境外段、空中及海上航路、邮路里程）。其中铁路20万公里左右，公路46万公里左右，高等级航道2.5万公里左右。沿海主要港口27个，内河主要港口36个，民用运输机场400个左右，邮政快递枢纽80个左右。
【单词讲解】
这里用来表示“布局”的名词layout来源于动词短语lay out，表示“规划，部署，设计，展示”等意思，比如：The layout of the apartment was good, but the kitchen was too small（这个房子的格局不错，就是厨房太小了），She designed the page layout for the new magazine（新杂志的页面设计是她做的），She laid out her plans for the new house（她展示了对新房子的布局规划）。
《规划纲要》提出的发展目标包括：
By 2035, the country's transport network should be convenient, cost-effective, green, intelligent and safe.
到2035年，基本建成便捷顺畅、经济高效、绿色集约、智能先进、安全可靠的现代化高质量国家综合立体交通网。
The transport network should feature higher domestic and international connectivity, multi-channel access to major cities, and effective coverage of county-level regions.
实现国际国内互联互通、全国主要城市立体畅达、县级节点有效覆盖。
China should be at the global forefront in terms of the quality, intelligence and green levels of transport infrastructure.
交通基础设施质量、智能化与绿色化水平居世界前列。
By the middle of the century, a modern, high-quality and comprehensive national transport network will be built in an all-round way, with a world-class transport infrastructure system.
到本世纪中叶，全面建成现代化高质量国家综合立体交通网，拥有世界一流的交通基础设施体系。
其中提出“全国123出行交通圈”和“全球123快货物流圈”两个概念。
“全国123出行交通圈（1-2-3 travel range）”指：都市区1小时通勤（1-hour commuting in urban aresa）、城市群2小时通达（2-hour travel time between city clusters）、全国主要城市3小时覆盖（3-hour travel time between major cities）。
“全球123快货物流圈（1-2-3 logistics range）”指：国内1天送达（domestic 1-day delivery）、周边国家2天送达（2-day delivery to neighboring countries）、全球主要城市3天送达（3-day delivery to major cities around the world）。
《规划纲要》还提出：
China will work to build a national comprehensive transport-hub system that consists of integrated transport-hub clusters, hub cities and hub ports, the guidelines said, stressing faster construction of about 20 international comprehensive transport-hub cities and about 80 national ones.
我国将建设综合交通枢纽集群、枢纽城市及枢纽港站“三位一体”的国家综合交通枢纽系统。加快建设20个左右国际性综合交通枢纽城市以及80个左右全国性综合交通枢纽城市。
两会 two sessions
3月4日下午，全国政协十三届四次会议（the fourth session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference）开幕。3月5日，十三届全国人大四次会议（the fourth session of the 13th National People's Congress）开幕。
今年是中国共产党建党100周年，也是“十四五”规划开局之年（the start of the 14th Five-Year Plan period）。处于重要历史交汇点上的中国，将如何擘画新阶段的发展方向与路径？今年两会期间这些议题值得期待和关注。
* 经济发展目标 economic development goals
2021年的中国发展，挑战与机遇并存，特别是疫情和国际环境依然存在诸多不确定性。
Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, China was the only major economy in the world to register positive growth in 2020, with its GDP expanding 2.3 percent to hit 101.6 trillion yuan (about 15.7 trillion US dollars) in the year.
受新冠肺炎疫情影响，中国2020年国内生产总值达到101.6万亿元，增长2.3%，是全世界唯一一个实现经济正增长的主要经济体。
Last year, no specific GDP growth figure was set in the government work report due to the uncertainty brought by COVID-19 and the world economic and trade environment.
去年，考虑到新冠肺炎疫情的不确定性以及全世界经济贸易整体环境，《政府工作报告》中没有设定明确的GDP增长数值。
国务院发展研究中心宏观经济研究部研究员张立群认为，
China's economy is resilient, has potential and will maintain sustained growth in 2021. But the primary goal of economic development is not to seek a nice-looking GDP figure but to raise the quality of the growth and ensure people's well-being.
在“十四五”开局之年，中国经济有潜力、有韧性保持一定增长速度。同时，他也表示，核心目的不是为了追求数字好看，而是强调经济质量的提升与百姓福祉的保障。
* 双循环 dual circulation
党的十九届五中全会提出了“加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局”（the new development paradigm featuring dual circulation, in which domestic and overseas markets reinforce each other, with the domestic market as the mainstay）的重大战略部署。
The 14th Five-Year Plan will further clarify how China will implement the dual circulation strategy and achieve high-quality development.
“十四五”规划将进一步明确双循环战略实施以及实现高质量发展的具体实施方式。
北京大学国家发展研究院名誉院长林毅夫表示：
Dual circulation is seen as a strategic and win-win choice for China to reshape its international cooperation and new competitive edge.
双循环是重塑我国国际合作和竞争新优势的战略抉择，也是共赢的选择。
* 科技创新 sci-tech innovation
《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》提出的2035年远景目标其中一条就是：
Making major breakthroughs in core technologies in key areas, China will become a global leader in innovation.
关键核心技术实现重大突破，进入创新型国家前列。
National legislators and political advisers, many of whom are scientists and Big Tech executives, are expected to discuss the ways to build China's sci-tech strength and create an enabling environment for innovation.
人大代表和政协委员中有很多都是科学家或大型科技公司的老总，期待他们就增强中国科技实力以及创造鼓励创新的环境等问题展开讨论。
* 绿色发展 green development
2020年9月的第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论到12月举行的气候雄心峰会，我国多次表示，二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值（peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030），努力争取2060年前实现碳中和（achieve carbon neutrality by 2060）。
中央经济工作会议将做好碳达峰、碳中和工作列入2021年要抓好的8大重点任务之一（one of eight policy priorities）。
In January, Minister of Ecology and Environment Huang Runqiu said China has begun formulating an action plan to peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and will accelerate the transformation toward green and low-carbon development across China's society over the next 10 years.
今年1月，生态环境部部长黄润秋表示，我国已经开始编制2030年前碳排放达峰行动方案，未来10年将加快全社会向绿色低碳发展转型。
* 立法 legislation
2015年以来，全国人大常委会已连续6年提请全国人代会审议重要法律。
In 2019, the NPC session adopted the Foreign Investment Law. Last year, the milestone Civil Code was adopted.
2019年，全国人民代表大会通过了《外商投资法》；2020年，通过了《民法典》。
今年将提请十三届全国人大四次会议审议的，是全国人大组织法修正草案（draft amendment to the organic law）和全国人大议事规则修正草案（draft amendment to the procedural rules of the NPC）。
全国人大组织法颁布施行于1982年，全国人大议事规则颁布施行于1989年，两部法律是最高国家权力机关依法行使职权（exercise functions and powers）的重要制度保障，施行30多年来还没有进行过修改。
专家表示，全国人大及其常委会在立法（legislation）、监督（supervision）、代表（representation）等方面的工作都取得重要进展，形成了不少新经验新成果，需要在法律中予以体现。
关于完善香港特区选举制度的决定 decision on improving the electoral system of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR)
十三届全国人大四次会议3月4日晚举行新闻发布会，大会发言人张业遂就会议议程和人大有关工作回答了中外记者提问。
The 13th National People's Congress (NPC), China's top legislature, will deliberate a draft decision on improving the electoral system of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) during its fourth annual session, according to the agenda unveiled Thursday.
3月4日发布的议程显示，十三届全国人大四次会议将审议全国人大常委会关于提请审议《全国人民代表大会关于完善香港特别行政区选举制度的决定（草案）》的议案。
在回答有关香港问题时，张业遂说，
The NPC has both the power and the responsibility to make the decision at the constitutional level to improve the electoral system of the HKSAR.
全国人民代表大会从宪制层面对完善香港特别行政区选举制度作出决定，既是全国人民代表大会的权力，也是全国人民代表大会的责任。
Calling the electoral system of the HKSAR an important part of its political structure, Zhang said what happened in recent years has proven the need to improve the system in steps with the times in order to provide a sound institutional guarantee for fully and faithfully implementing "one country, two systems" and fully implementing the principle of "patriots governing Hong Kong."
香港特别行政区选举制度是特别行政区政治体制的重要组成部分。近年来的情况表明，香港特别行政区选举制度需要与时俱进作出完善，为全面准确贯彻“一国两制”方针，全面落实“爱国者治港”原则提供健全的制度保障。
香港特区政府强调，要确保“一国两制”实践行稳致远，必须始终坚持“爱国者治港”。
香港特区政府发言人表示，
To ensure the steadfast and successful implementation of "one country, two systems", we must always adhere to the principle of "patriots governing Hong Kong". This principle is fundamental to national sovereignty, security, development interests, as well as the long-term prosperity of Hong Kong.
要确保“一国两制”实践行稳致远，必须始终坚持“爱国者治港”。这是事关国家主权、安全和发展利益，事关香港长期繁荣稳定的根本原则。
"Only through ‘patriots governing Hong Kong’ can the central government's overall jurisdiction over the HKSAR be effectively implemented, the constitutional order as set out by the Constitution and the Basic Law be effectively safeguarded and the long-term stability and safety of Hong Kong be achieved," he added.
只有做到“爱国者治港”，中央对特别行政区的全面管治权才能得到有效落实，宪法和香港基本法确立的宪制秩序才能得到有效维护，香港才能实现长治久安。
The spokesman said matters concerning the political system of the HKSAR “are the prerogative of the central government.”
政治体制问题是中央事权。
【单词讲解】
这里的prerogative，读作[prɪˈrɒɡətɪv]，表示“独有的权利（或权力），特权”，比如：Alex makes all the big decisions - that's his prerogative as company director.
（所有重大决定都是由亚历克斯作出的——这是他作为公司主管的特权。）
“The central government has the authority and responsibility to improve the electoral system in Hong Kong. The HKSAR government respects that the central government is taking the lead and will render its full co-operation,” he said.
中央有权有责修改完善香港的选举制度。特区政府尊重中央在完善政治体制方面的主导权，并将全面配合。
英语主课地位 English as a core subject
今年两会，全国政协委员、九三学社中央委员许进建议改革义务教育阶段英语的必修课地位。这一建议在网上引发了热议。
In the proposal, Xu said that English should not be a core subject like Chinese and math during compulsory education and more course hours should be given to improving students' skills in physical education, music and art.
许进在建议中表示，义务教育阶段，英语等外语课程不再设为与语文和数学同等的主课，增加体育、音乐、艺术等素质教育课程占比。
【单词讲解】
Compulsory这个词我们都很熟悉，表示“强制的，义务的，必须做的”意思，除了表示“义务教育（compulsory education）”以外，学校里设置的“必修课”是compulsory courses，再比如，It is compulsory for all motorcyclists to wear helmets.（所有骑摩托车的人都必须戴头盔。）
Xu said English and other foreign languages should also not be included as compulsory subjects for the national college entrance exam.
不再将英语（或外语）设为高考必考的科目。
许进的解释是：
While English takes up about 10 percent of class hours, less than 10 percent of university graduates use the language at work, he said.
英语教学课时约占学生总课时的10%，但英语只对不到10%的大学毕业生有用。
Moreover, smart translation devices can offer sophisticated translation services and in the age of artificial intelligence, translators will be among the top 10 professions to be eliminated, he added.
此外，现在的翻译机可以提供口语翻译服务，技术十分成熟。在人工智能时代，翻译职业位居即将被淘汰职业的前10名。
这番话立即引发网友热议。有些网友认为这一建议值得商榷。
不过，也有网友表示，花了很多时间学英语，日常生活中却用不到，确实有点浪费时间。
According to a online poll by China Youth Daily, more than 110,000 respondents opposed the proposal and said English should be taught early at schools to enable China to compete with other countries. However, around 100,000 people supported the proposal and said it would be better to spend more time learning Chinese language and culture.
《中国青年报》一项在线调查显示，参与调查的人当中，有超过11万反对这项建议，并表示学校应该早开英语课，提升中国在全世界的竞争力。约有10万人支持该建议，认为应该花更多时间学习中文和文化。
许进3月4日在接受采访时进一步解释称，
"I'm not saying that we shouldn't learn English. I'm saying that we shouldn't let the whole population learn the language while only a few can use it, and this just doesn't make sense. According to data released in 2019, there are about 40 million students learning English in preschool and compulsory education, but probably less than 4 million will use it at work. They learn English for nine years and in the end only 1/10 of them will use the language. It is a waste of educational resources to make children shoulder such a heavy burden and ask them to learn a course that they may not use in the future."
“我不是说不要学英语，我是说不要让全民都去学而只有少数人能用到英语，这个就不合理了。根据2019年数据，学前教育和义务教育阶段约有4000万学生学英语，但工作后用得到英语的可能还不到400万。义务教育阶段学9年，最后只有1/10的人有用，让孩子背负那么重的负担，让孩子学一门未来可能用不上的课程，是对教育资源的浪费。”
学英语到底是不是浪费时间？
北京外国语大学教授张连仲此前接受采访时表示，
The Ministry of Education made English a compulsory course from third grade in 2001. The decision had proved to be a smart one as hundreds of millions of Chinese students have broadened their horizons and improved their cultural awareness and critical thinking ability through learning the language.
教育部2001年决定从小学三年级开始将英语设为必修课，事实证明这是一个明智的决定，让近亿的孩子开始接触英语，对开阔学生视野，培养文化意识、思维训练等起到良好的作用。
21世纪教育研究院院长熊丙奇表示，
The key is to reform China's exam-oriented education system so that English teaching will focus on improving students' language skills, not exam-taking ability.
关键是要改革应试教育体制，让英语教学专注于提升学生的语言水平，而不是考试能力。
Removing English as a core subject will only result in greater imbalances between urban and rural students in English proficiency as urban students will more likely resort to costly after-school training to learn the language.
如果取消英语主课地位，只会导致城乡学生英语水平更大的差异，因为城市学生很有可能会花钱报课外培训班学英语。
民生 people's wellbeing
国家发展改革委副主任胡祖才3月8日在国新办新闻发布会上表示，“十四五”规划纲要草案20个主要指标中有7个是民生福祉类的、占比超过三分之一，是历次五年规划中最高的。
这些指标覆盖了就业（employment）、收入（income）、教育（education）、医疗（healthcare）、养老（elderly care）、托育（childcare）等各民生领域，这充分体现了把改善民生福祉放在更加突出重要位置。
就业
We will implement the employment-first strategy and increase employment opportunities.
实施就业优先战略，扩大就业容量。
We will improve pro-employment system to support key groups such as college graduates, rural migrant workers and veterans.
完善高校毕业生、农民工、退役军人等重点群体就业支持体系。
收入
We will work to raise the income of the low-income group and expand the size of the middle-income group.
着力提高低收入群体收入，扩大中等收入群体。
Per capita disposable income will generally grow in step with GDP growth.
居民收入增长和经济增长要基本同步。
教育
We will build a high-quality education system by deepening educational reforms.
建设高质量教育体系，深化教育改革。
We will carry out an initiative to raise the quality of education and expand its capacity. We expect that the average number of years of schooling among the working-age population will rise to 11.3.
实施教育提质扩容工程，劳动年龄人口平均受教育年限提高到11.3年。
医疗卫生
We will make all-round efforts to build a Healthy China.
全面推进健康中国建设。
We will develop a strong public health system, carry out extensive public fitness activities, and raise the average life expectancy by one year.
构建强大公共卫生体系，广泛开展全民健身运动，人均预期寿命再提高1岁。
We will improve the medical insurance system that covers the whole population, promote a nationwide pension planning system at the provincial level, and improve the medical insurance and medical aid systems for major diseases.
健全全民医保制度，推动基本医疗保险省级统筹，健全重大疾病医疗保险和救助制度。
社会保障
The statutory retirement age will be raised in a phased manner. The multi-tiered social security system will be improved, with coverage of basic old-age insurance reaching 95 percent of the population. Social assistance and charity systems will also be improved.
逐步延迟法定退休年龄。健全多层次社会保障体系，基本养老保险参保率提高到95%，优化社会救助和慈善制度。
养老育幼
We will implement the national strategy for addressing population aging, and improve the population services system with a focus on elderly care and child care.
实施积极应对人口老龄化国家战略，以“一老一小”为重点完善人口服务体系。
We will make more efforts to develop elderly care services that are accessible for all and build a system that integrates home, communities and healthcare facilities.
大力发展普惠型养老服务，构建居家社区机构相协调、医养康养相结合的养老服务体系。
The number of pupil places for infants under 3 years old will be increased from the current 1.8 to 4.5 per 1,000 population.
将每千人口拥有3岁以下婴幼儿托位数由目前的1.8个提高到4.5个。
国际月球科研站 international lunar research station
3月9日，经两国政府批准，中国国家航天局（the China National Space Administration，CNSA）局长张克俭与俄罗斯国家航天集团公司（Roscosmos）总经理罗戈津通过视频会议签署《中华人民共和国政府和俄罗斯联邦政府关于合作建设国际月球科研站的谅解备忘录》。
The CNSA and Roscosmos will negotiate on matters about the international lunar research station's planning, design, construction and operations, and will work together to build and run it.
中国国家航天局与俄罗斯国家航天集团公司将就国际月球科研站的规划、设计、建设以及运营等事宜进行商讨，合作建设并运营该科研站。
【知识点】
国际月球科研站（international lunar research station）是在月球表面或月球轨道上建设（built on the lunar surface or in the lunar orbit）可进行月球自身探索和利用、月基观测、基础科学实验和技术验证等多学科多目标科研活动（multi-disciplinary and multi-objective scientific research activities such as the lunar exploration and utilization, lunar-based observation, basic scientific experiment and technical verification），长期自主运行的综合性科学实验基地。
Through this program, China and Russia will take advantage of their expertise and experience in space science and technology and spacecraft to produce a plan for the station and will cooperate closely on the following steps.
在建造国际月球科研站项目的框架内，中俄两国利用在空间科学、空间技术和空间设备等方面积累的经验，将共同制定建造国际月球科研站的路线图，并开展紧密合作。
Both nations want to open the station to international cooperation so it can serve as a platform to boost scientific exchanges and foster peaceful exploration and development of outer space.
两国希望面向所有国际合作开放国际月球科研站，加强科学研究交流，推进全人类和平探索利用太空。
中俄两国一直致力于在空间技术、空间科学、空间应用领域（ space science, technology and application fields）开展合作，先后签署了一系列协定，积极推动月球及深空探测领域的合作。
The two nations will work together to carry out China's Chang'e 7 lunar landing mission and Russia's Luna-Resurs-Orbiter mission.
两国将协同实施中国的“嫦娥七号”月球极地探测任务和俄罗斯“月球—资源-1”轨道器任务合作。
国际旅行健康证明 health certificate for international travelers
A Chinese version of the health certificate for international travelers was launched March 8 on the WeChat mini program for Chinese citizens, the Foreign Ministry's Department of Consular Affairs said in a statement. The certificate will be available in two formats, digital and in paper, with the certificate-holder's NAT and IgG antibody test results and vaccination status on record, according to the statement.
外交部领事司表示，3月8日，中国版“国际旅行健康证明”微信小程序已正式上线。健康证明有纸质版和电子版两种形式，展示持有人的核酸、血清IgG抗体检测结果及疫苗接种情况等。
三新：新发展阶段（new development stage）、新发展理念（new development philosophy）、新发展格局（new development paradigm）
今年的《政府工作报告》提出：
The period covered by the 14th Five-Year Plan will be the first five years in which we embark on a new journey to build China into a modern socialist country in all respects. China remains in an important period of strategic opportunity for development. Yet, there are changes in both the opportunities and challenges we face. We should have an accurate understanding of this new stage of development, fully apply the new development philosophy, and accelerate our efforts to create a new development pattern to promote high-quality development. By doing so, we will set the stage for building a modern socialist country in all respects.
“十四五”时期是开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程的第一个五年。我国发展仍然处于重要战略机遇期，但机遇和挑战都有新的发展变化，要准确把握新发展阶段，深入贯彻新发展理念，加快构建新发展格局，推动高质量发展，为全面建设社会主义现代化国家开好局起好步。
这里的新发展阶段（new development stage）、新发展理念（new development philosophy）、新发展格局（new development paradigm）就是“三新”。
新发展阶段、新发展理念、新发展格局是理解当下和未来中国的三个关键词。新发展阶段，是中国发展的历史方位；新发展理念，是中国现代化建设的指导原则；新发展格局，是中国经济现代化的路径选择。
“三新”有何深意？我们简单为您介绍
新发展阶段 new development stage
党的十九届五中全会提出，
After finishing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieving the first centenary goal, we will mark the first five years of China's new journey toward fully building a modern socialist country and march toward the second centenary goal, which means that China's development will enter a new stage.
全面建成小康社会、实现第一个百年奋斗目标之后，我们要乘势而上开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军，这标志着我国进入了一个新发展阶段。
进入新发展阶段，发展任务已经由实现第一个百年奋斗目标转向实现第二个百年奋斗目标。经济社会发展的重心将逐步从重视经济规模的“高增速”（high-speed growth）转到提高效率和质量上来，实现“高质量”发展（high-quality development）成为新的发展主题。
新发展理念 new development philosophy
在党的十八届五中全会上，习近平总书记提出要牢固树立并切实贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念（concept of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development），并强调这是关系我国发展全局的一场深刻变革，必须充分认识这场变革的重大现实意义和深远历史意义。
2021年1月28日，习近平主持中央政治局第二十七次集体学习时强调，
The new development philosophy is a systematic theoretical system, which answers a series of theoretical and practical questions about the purpose, motivation, mode and path of development. It also clarifies major political issues including the Party's political stand, value orientation and the mode and path for development.
新发展理念是一个系统的理论体系，回答了关于发展的目的、动力、方式、路径等一系列理论和实践问题，阐明了我们党关于发展的政治立场、价值导向、发展模式、发展道路等重大政治问题。
新发展格局 new development paradigm
2020年5月14日召开的中共中央政治局常务委员会会议指出，
We should further deepening the supply-side structural reform and leverage the advantages of China's super-large market and domestic demand potential to create a new development pattern where domestic and foreign market can boost each other.
要深化供给侧结构性改革，充分发挥我国超大规模市场优势和内需潜力，构建国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。
2020年5月23日，习近平看望参加全国政协十三届三次会议的经济界委员时强调，
We should make steady progress in creating a new development pattern where domestic and foreign markets can boost each other, with domestic market as the mainstay.
逐步形成以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。
2020年9月1日，习近平主持召开中央全面深化改革委员会第十五次会议时强调，
Accelerating the establishment of a new development pattern featuring dual circulation, which takes the domestic market as the mainstay while letting domestic and foreign markets boost each other, is a strategic decision made in accordance with changes in China's development stage, environment and conditions, and a systematic deep-level reform concerning the overall situation of the country.
加快形成以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，是根据我国发展阶段、环境、条件变化作出的战略决策，是事关全局的系统性深层次变革。
构建国内国际双循环新发展格局首先要形成以国内大循环为主体的国民经济循环（national economic circulation which takes the domestic market as the mainstay），这是新发展格局的前提和条件。
同时，新发展格局不是封闭的国内循环（it's not a development loop behind closed doors），而是更加开放的国内国际双循环（more open domestic and international circulations）。要发挥国内循环对国际循环的带动作用、进而形成国内国际双循环相互促进发展，就必须要实行对外开放（open up）。只有依靠高水平开放发展，才能真正发挥国内大循环对国际大循环的带动作用（the driving force of domestic circulation will be fully unleashed to fuel international circulation），进而真正形成国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。
显示织物 display textile
复旦大学科研团队成功将显示器件的制备与织物编织过程相融合，实现了大面积柔性显示织物和智能集成系统。相关成果近日在线发表于《自然》杂志。
According to Peng Huisheng, leader of the team and a professor from Fudan’s macromolecular science department, it developed transparent conductive weft fibers and luminescent warp fibers. When woven together, they form micrometer-scale electroluminescent units similar to those on a digital display screen.
科研团队负责人、复旦大学高分子科学系教授彭慧胜介绍说，团队研制的“发光经线”和透明的“导电纬线”交织时，可形成微米级电致发光单元，与数字显示屏的电致发光单元类似。
“发光经线”（luminescent warp fibers），外观与生活中的寻常纱线类似，但通电后即可发出明亮的光。“发光经线”的直径可在0.2毫米至0.5毫米间精确调控（its diameter can be accurately adjusted between 0.2mm and 0.5mm），赋予了其超细超柔的特性（make it super thin and soft），以此梭织而成的衣服，可紧贴人体不规则轮廓，并保证轻薄、透气（light and breathable）。
The team has produced a 6-meter-long and 25-centimeter-wide display textile. It contains 500,000 electroluminescent units and is capable of meeting the resolution requirements of some practical applications.
团队目前已在实验室实现长6米、宽0.25米、约含50万个“像素点”的显示织物，已能初步满足部分实际应用的分辨率需求。
【单词讲解】
Display可以用作动词或名词，均表示“展示，展现，显示”等意思，比如：public display of affection (PDA)就是“公开展示感情”，即“秀恩爱”，fireworks display（烟花秀），window display（橱窗展示）；display one's skill（展示某人的技能）， Toys were displayed in the store window（玩具在商店橱窗里展示）。而在电视、电脑、手机等电子设备领域，我们更常见的是display screen（显示屏）。
The brightness between electroluminescent units deviates by less than 5 percent and remains stable even when the textile is bent, stretched or pressed.
交织发光点亮度变动范围控制在5%以内，织物在对折、拉伸、按压等外力作用下也能保持亮度稳定。
It can withstand hundreds of times of machine washing.
可耐受上百次的洗衣机洗涤。
应用前景广阔
Based on flexible textiles, the team developed an integrated system with functions such as display, sensing and power supply. It shows promising prospects in various areas including real-time positioning, intelligent communication and healthcare.
该科研团队基于编织方法，还实现了储能织物、触摸传感织物与显示织物的功能集成系统。该系统在实时定位、智能通讯、医疗辅助等方面展现出良好应用前景。
People with linguistic disabilities, for instance, could efficiently and conveniently communicate with others in the future by wearing the display fabric.
比如，语言障碍者把“显示器”穿在身上，就能与人实现高效便捷沟通。
延迟退休 raise the retirement age
According to the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035, China will take small steps to raise the retirement age. It will also implement its flexibility, tailor policies for different groups, consider all factors, and make overall plans.
《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》（下称纲要）提出，我国将按照“小步调整、弹性实施、分类推进、统筹兼顾”等原则，逐步延迟法定退休年龄。
【单词讲解】
第一眼看到tailor这个词，很多人可能会想到“裁缝”这个对应的中文意思，在实际应用中，tailor也可以用作动词，引申为“（按照具体要求、情况）定制”的意思，比如：We tailor any of our products to your company's specific needs（我们可以根据贵公司的具体需求进行产品定制）；You have to tailor application letters for each job you apply for（你要为每个应聘的岗位准备不同的求职信）。其形容词形式tailored自然就表示“定制的”意思，比如：tailored plan for specific clients（为特定客户定制的方案）。
人社部中国劳动和社会保障科学研究院院长金维刚对上述原则进行解读：
小步调整：每年延迟几个月
Taking small steps means the country will raise the retirement age by a few months every year and finish the reform in several years.
小步调整就是每年延迟几个月，经过若干年过渡期完成改革。
People nearing retirement age will only have to delay retirement for several months, Jin said. He added that young people may have to work a few years longer but will have a long adaptation and transition period.
临近退休的人，只会延迟1个月或几个月，对年轻人来说，延长的退休年龄幅度会大一些，但未来有很长的过渡期和适应期。
弹性实施：个人会有自主选择提前退休的空间
The most important feature of the retirement age reform is allowing people to choose when to retire according to their circumstances and conditions, said Jin. This showcases the flexibility and inclusiveness of the reform, said Jin.
延迟退休改革最重要的特征就是允许个人根据自身情况和条件，选择退休的具体时间，充分体现改革的灵活性和包容性。
分类推进：不同群体、不同性别将保持退休年龄差异
In China currently, the retirement age for men is 60, while for women, it is 55 for white-collar workers and 50 for blue-collar employees. These differences will stay in place to ensure policy continuity, said Jin.
我国现行法定退休年龄男职工60周岁、女干部55周岁、女工人50周岁，这些政策差异，改革后也会保持政策延续性。
【词汇讲解】
短语stay in place表示“保持原位，没有变动”，比如：the curfew from 6pm to 5am will stay in place for another two weeks（晚6点到早5点的宵禁还要持续两周）。
统筹兼顾：配套政策和保障措施需协同推进
Jin said retirement age reform requires overall planning and coordination as it involves many supporting policies and measures.
延迟退休改革相关的配套政策和保障措施非常多，需要统筹谋划、协同推进。
The reform also faces challenges such as promoting employment and entrepreneurship of older workers through more targeted means, and offering more social security subsidies to those who have difficulty finding jobs and helping them get reemployed, said Jin.
如何通过更有针对性的措施促进大龄劳动者就业创业？如何更大力度对就业困难人员、特别是灵活就业人员给予社保补贴，帮助其再就业？这些都是延迟退休改革面临的挑战。
疫苗接种车 vaccination vehicle
China's first vaccination vehicle will hit the streets in April in Beijing and north China's Hebei province, which will allow people to receive COVID-19 shots near their residence without travelling to vaccination stations.
我国首款移动疫苗接种车预计4月在北京、河北等地投用。投用后，接种新冠疫苗的人员不必再到疫苗接种点，而是疫苗接种车主动上门打疫苗。
【单词讲解】
关于“疫苗”的几个词，vaccine就是“疫苗”本身，vaccinate就是“注射疫苗、接种疫苗”这个动作，而其名词形式vaccination就是“接种疫苗”这件事。上文中的COVID-19 shots指“新冠疫苗注射”，这里的shot是相对比较口语化的表达。Shot做名词常见的意思是足球比赛中的“射门”，比如：He has the best shot on the team（他在队里射门能力最强），还有“尝试”的意思，与try类似，比如：Let's give it a shot（我们试试看）。
移动疫苗接种车配置如何？
The interior of the vaccination vehicle resembles that of a bus, but with fewer seats.
移动疫苗接种车内部的格局与公交大巴车类似，但是座椅数量缩减。
The vehicle is equipped with a facial recognition system that can check the body temperature of vaccine recipients.
车上配备了人脸识别系统，可以对同时对疫苗接种人员进行测温。
The vehicle is covered by onboard Wi-Fi and 5G network for faster data transmission.
车辆专门设置车载WiFi，可接入5G网络，更快速完成信息传输。
The whole vaccination process will be carried out inside the vehicle. After getting a shot, vaccine recipients will remain under observation at a designated area outside of the vehicle.
整个接种过程都在车内完成，接种完成后可在车外留观区留观。
移动疫苗接种车研发生产方北汽福田介绍，
The manufacturer can produce 12 such vehicles in one day, allowing for large scale use in the future.
生产方具备日产12辆车的产能，后期广泛使用时可以迅速进行生产。
【词汇讲解】
这里的allow for是一个固定搭配的短语，表示“顾及到，考虑到”等意思，比如：The design of the system allows for easy upgrades（有了这个系统设计，以后升级就容易了）；If you allow for inflation, he's actually earning less money now than he was 10 years ago（如果把通货膨胀考虑在内，他现在挣的钱还没有10年前多）。
我国疫苗接种工作有序展开
China is working around the clock to build COVID-19 herd immunity through its orderly and smooth rollout of vaccines, with 64.98 million doses administered as of last week.
我国新冠疫苗接种工作正有序展开，截至3月14日，全国共接种新冠病毒疫苗6498万人剂次。
The country's mass vaccination program is currently targeting key groups, including workers at higher risk of infection, essential personnel, and people working in border regions and labor-intensive industries. Seniors who are in good condition and need to be vaccinated for special reasons also are in this group.
目前重点人群的接种工作正在有序开展。这类人群包括职业暴露风险较高的人群，维持社会基本运行的关键岗位的人员，劳动密集型行业等疾病传播风险较高的人群，以及部分因特殊原因需接种且身体基础状况较好的老年人等。
The second phase will focus on people who are more likely to develop severe infections, including the elderly and those with chronic diseases.
第二步，开展高危人群的接种。这类人群主要包括老年人、基础性疾病患者等人群。
The third and final phase will cover those in the remaining population who are willing to be inoculated.
第三步，安排其他人群的接种。其他有接种意愿的人员都可以在这一步安排接种。
学位法草案 draft of the degree law
为了完善我国学位法律制度，促进研究生教育事业发展，提升学位工作质量，教育部研究形成了《中华人民共和国学位法草案（征求意见稿）》，并于近日发布公告，面向社会公开征求意见。
Institutions of higher education that award degrees can deprive a student of a degree if the applicant is involved in academic misconduct, forgery, and other violations during his or her academic years, according to the draft law.
草案明确，学位申请人在学位授予单位学习期间存在学术不端、作伪造假以及其他违法违规行为的，授予单位可以不授予其学位证书。
【单词讲解】
这里的deprive someone of something是“剥夺某人拥有某物的权利，使某人丧失获得某物的权利”等意思，比如：The new environmental law will deprive some fishermen of their livelihood.（新的环保法将让渔民失去谋生的手段。）这个固定搭配经常以被动的形式出现，即someone is deprived of something，比如：The children are being deprived of a good education.（孩子们失去了获得良好教育的机会。）如果我们说someone is deprived of sleep，意思是说有外界因素使其无法睡觉，并不是他们自己不想睡。美剧中经常出现的一种疲劳审讯方式就是sleep deprivation（睡眠剥夺）。
对于已经获得学位者，草案列出了三种情形，在获得该学位过程中有三种情形之一的，经学位评定委员会审议决定，由学位授予单位撤销学位（revoke their degrees），收回或者宣布学位证书无效（declare their degrees invalid）。
这三种学术不端行为包括：
学位论文或者实践成果存在严重剽窃、伪造、抄袭、数据造假等学术不端行为的（academic misconduct including plagiarism, forgery, and data fraud in their dissertations or practical achievements），质量不符合标准的（unqualified dissertations or practical achievements）；
以冒名顶替、徇私舞弊等非法手段取得入学资格或者毕业证书的（gain admission through identity theft or fraud）；
在学习期间存在不应当授予学位的其他违法违规行为的。
【知识点】
“学术不端”（academic misconduct）的一般性界定为：高等学校及其教学科研人员、管理人员和学生，在科学研究及相关活动中发生的违反公认的学术准则、违背学术诚信的行为。
2016年，教育部发布《高等学校预防与处理学术不端行为办法》，第一次以部门规章的形式对高等学校预防与处理学术不端行为做出规定。
《办法》中明确的六种“学术不端”情形包括：剽窃、抄袭、侵占他人学术成果（plagiarism），篡改他人研究成果（fabrication or alteration of research results），伪造数据或捏造事实（data falsification），不当署名（inappropriate authorship），提供虚假学术信息（providing false or misleading information），买卖或代写论文（academic paper selling or ghostwriting）等。同时授权高等学校可以结合学校实际，自行规定六类之外的学术不端情形。
互联网贷款 online loans
银保监会办公厅、中央网信办秘书局、教育部办公厅、公安部办公厅、人民银行办公厅联合印发了《关于进一步规范大学生互联网消费贷款监督管理工作的通知》，从四个方面进一步规范大学生互联网消费贷款监督管理，切实维护大学生合法权益。
Micro lenders are banned from granting online consumer loans to college students, according to the statement.
通知明确，小额贷款公司不得向大学生发放互联网消费贷款。
校园贷问题近几年日益受到关注。
Some micro lenders have targeted university campuses and issued online consumer loans via cooperation with technology companies. The practices have caused some students to overspend and fall into debt traps.
部分小额贷款公司以大学校园为目标，通过与科技公司合作发放互联网消费贷款，导致部分大学生过度消费，陷入高额贷款陷阱。
【知识点】
校园贷（campus loans）始于2014年，到2015年迎来爆发式增长，但因随后爆发的“裸贷（loans secured against nude photos）、收费混乱（illegal charges）、暴力催收（forcible debt collection）”等负面事件备受舆论质疑。
2017年，银监会、教育部、人社部、互联网金融委员会等发布通知，禁止违规机构向大学生提供校园贷服务。
2020年1月，最高人民法院表示，在校大学生因为使用网贷平台而欠债的不应被列为失信被执行人（defaulter）。
此外，通知还要求规范放贷机构及其外包合作机构营销行为。
Micro lenders should strengthen identity verification of clients and not make college students their target clients for online consumer loans or carry out targeted marketing aimed at them.
小额贷款公司要加强贷款客户身份的实质性核验，不得将大学生设定为互联网消费贷款的目标客户群体，不得针对大学生群体精准营销。
Institutions without financial licenses should not offer credit services to college students.
未经银行业管理部门批准设立的机构不得为大学生提供信贷服务。
强化风险管理
As for the online consumer loans that have been issued to college students, no extension is allowed and the existing loans should be gradually reduced. Any new loans not in line with regulations will be prohibited.
对于已发放的大学生互联网消费贷款，原则上不进行展期，逐步消化存量业务，严禁违规新增业务。
Banks should make sure college students have a second source of debt repayment and obtain written statements from the guarantors (parents, guardians or other superiors) that they approve the loan and are willing to pay it for the borrowers.
银行要确保大学生借贷人有第二还款来源，并未获取具备还款能力的第二还款来源（父母、监护人或其他管理人等）表示同意其贷款行为并愿意代为还款的书面担保材料。
三星堆遗址 the Sanxingdui Ruins
3月20日，“考古中国”重大项目工作进展会在成都举行，通报了四川广汉三星堆遗址重要考古发现与研究成果。
Chinese archaeologists announced the discovery of over 500 cultural relics, during an ongoing excavation at the Sanxingdui Ruins site in Guanghan, Sichuan province. The relics were uncovered in six sacrificial pits which date back over 3,200 years.
考古学家宣布，四川广汉三星堆遗址新发现的6座三星堆文化“祭祀坑”中已出土500余件文物。此次发现的“祭祀坑”距今约3200多年。
【单词讲解】
这里的excavation来源于动词excavate，在考古领域表示“to remove earth that is covering very old objects buried in the ground in order to discover things about the past”（为了研究历史，将埋在地底下的老物件挖出来），即“发掘文物”，比如：She has taken part in several excavations of Roman settlements across Europe.（她参加了好几次欧洲罗马人定居点的文物发掘工作）。
Among the important cultural finds are gold and bronze masks, bronze ware, more than 100 ivory tusks, textiles and jade among other artifacts.
出土的重要文物包括金面具、铜面具、铜器、100多个象牙、纺织物以及玉器等其他工艺品。
【单词讲解】
在考古领域挖掘出来的“（工具、武器、饰品等具有考古或历史价值的）文物”一般用artifact。而我们常见的cultural relics里面的relic则指“遗迹、遗留物、遗址”等。在表示“历史遗迹”的时候，relic涵盖的范围要比artifact要广一些，而且这两个词一般都用复数形式。
新发现的五号坑出土大量黄金制品
A gold mask has been unearthed at the No5 sacrificial pit. With an area of about three square meters, it is the smallest pit, but it's where the most gold pieces were unearthed, according to archaeologists.
五号祭祀坑面积大约3平方米，是最小的一个坑，但其中出土的黄金制品最多，其中包括一个黄金面具。
出土文物“上新”
In No 3 pit, a rich reservoir for bronze ware, archaeologists found two square zun jars, a typical ancient Chinese bronze ritual vessel. Such artifacts were not found in 1986. Some of the bronze ware items have been decorated with dragon and ox patterns.
在三号坑，考古学家发现了大量青铜器，其中有两个正方形青铜尊，是中国古代典型的青铜祭器。其中一些青铜器上面还装饰有龙、牛的图案。这些文物都是1986年发掘时没有发现的。
In the No 6 pit, a 1.5-meter-long and 40-centimeter-wide wooden box covered in cinnabar has brought a new mystery. A plan to open it is still being drafted.
在6号坑发现了一具“木匣”，长约1.5米、宽约0.4米，内外均涂抹朱砂。这个木匣给考古工作带来了新的谜团。考古人员还在讨论“开匣”方案。
Other important items include decorative gold items in the shape of birds, ivory and bone carvings, silk and cong.
其他出土的重要文物包括，小鸟形状的黄金饰品、象牙、骨雕、丝绸以及玉琮等。
The recent discoveries further confirm the theory that the pits were used for sacrificial purposes as many of the items found had been smashed and burned before being buried. Further study is needed to rule out any other speculation as to the pits usage.
这次的发现进一步证明，这些坑洞是为祭祀所用，因为出土的很多文物在埋之前已经被打碎并烧毁。需要更深入的研究来排除这些坑洞有其他用途的猜想。
发掘工作充分利用高科技
In the process of excavation, archaeologists made full use of modern technologies to ensure the safety of the relics and sound management of relevant data and materials.
在发掘过程中，考古学家充分利用现代技术确保文物的安全以及相关数据和材料的高效管理。
【知识点：关于三星堆】
The Sanxingdui Ruins is dubbed as one of the world's greatest archeological discoveries of the 20th century.
三星堆遗址被称为20世纪全世界最重大的考古发现之一。
Located in the city of Guanghan, Sichuan province, around 60 km from the provincial capital Chengdu, the ruins covering an area of 12 square km are believed to be the remnants of the Shu Kingdom, dating back some 4,800 years to 3,100 years.
三星堆遗址占地面积12平方公里，位于四川广汉，距离成都约60公里，是古蜀文化遗址，距今4800年至3100年左右。
The site was originally discovered in the 1920s by a farmer. A huge surprise came in 1986 when two sacrificial pits filled with more than 1,000 relics, including gold masks, bronze sacred trees, bronze ware, jade ware and ivory, were discovered by local workers excavating clay for bricks.
该遗址最初由一个农民在上世纪20年代发现。1986年，当地工人挖土烧砖时意外发现了两个祭祀坑，里面有1000多件文物，包括金面具、青铜神树、青铜器、玉器、象牙等。
In 1988, the Sanxingdui Ruins site was put under State-level protection.
1988年，三星堆遗址被列为国家文物保护单位。
中美高层战略对话 China-US high-level strategic dialogue
A China-US high-level strategic dialogue concluded in Anchorage, United States on March 19 after the two sides had candid, constructive and helpful exchanges on respective domestic and foreign policies, the bilateral relationship as well as major international matters of shared interest.
当地时间3月19日，中美高层战略对话在美国安克雷奇结束，双方围绕各自内外政策、中美关系以及共同关心的重大国际地区问题进行了坦诚、深入、建设性的沟通。
个人信息收集 collection of personal information
国家网信办、工信部、公安部、国家市场监管总局四部门近日联合发布《常见类型移动互联网应用程序必要个人信息范围规定》，明确了39类常见类型移动应用程序必要个人信息范围。
Mobile apps will be banned from illegally collecting unnecessary personal information and they cannot deny users access to their services if users refuse to share unnecessary personal information, according to the guideline.
规定明确，移动应用程序不得违规收集非必要个人信息；不得因为用户不同意提供非必要个人信息，而拒绝用户使用其基本功能服务。
【词汇讲解】
这里的deny access to是一个固定搭配，表示“refuse permission to see/use”，即“拒绝使用、接触”，比如，He was denied access to the report（他看不到那份报告）；这个短语的反义词是grant access to（允许使用、接触），两个短语常用的搭配形式是grant/deny someone access to something。
规定明确，必要个人信息（necessary personal information），是指保障app基本功能服务正常运行所必需的个人信息（personal information that is needed for basic function and services），缺少该信息app即无法实现基本功能服务。
规定明确了39类常见类型移动应用程序必要个人信息范围。比如：
Navigation apps may have access to a user's location, place of departure and destination.
地图导航类app可以收集的必要个人信息为位置信息、出发地、到达地。
Instant messaging apps may collect personal information including a user's mobile phone number, their messaging account and the accounts of their contacts.
即时通信类app可以收集注册用户移动电话号码，账号、即时通信联系人账号列表。
该规定自2021年5月1日起施行。
建党百年庆祝活动 events to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
3月23日，中共中央就中国共产党成立100周年庆祝活动有关情况举行新闻发布会。
A series of events will be held to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC).
我国将举办一系列活动庆祝中国共产党成立100周年。
一、开展党史学习教育
a Party-wide campaign on CPC history learning and education
学习教育贯穿2021年全年，总的要求是学史明理、学史增信、学史崇德、学史力行，教育引导党员干部学党史、悟思想、办实事、开新局（study the Party's history, understand its theories, do practical work and make new advances）。
二、举行庆祝大会
a grand gathering to mark the centenary of the CPC
A grand gathering will be held on behalf of the CPC Central Committee to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC), during which President Xi Jinping, also general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission, will deliver an important speech.
以中共中央名义，隆重举行庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会，中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平将发表重要讲话。
三、开展“七一勋章”评选颁授和全国“两优一先”评选表彰
award the July 1 Medal and honor outstanding Party members, examplary Party workers, and advanced community-level Party organizations
“七一勋章”授予在中国特色社会主义伟大事业和党的建设新的伟大工程中作出杰出贡献的党员（CPC members who have made great contributions to the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the construction of the CPC），这是由中共中央决定、中共中央总书记签发证书并颁授的党内最高荣誉（the highest honor of the CPC）。
The CPC Central Committee will honor outstanding Party members, exemplary Party workers, and advanced community-level Party organizations.
评选表彰全国优秀共产党员、全国优秀党务工作者、全国先进基层党组织。
A commemorative medal will be awarded to those who have been Party members for 50 years or more and have consistently performed well in their roles.
向健在的党龄达到50年、一贯表现良好的老党员颁发“光荣在党50年”纪念章。
Visits will be paid to the homes of Party members who received various forms of honor and commendation, those who live in difficulties, the veterans, as well as the families of the revolutionary martyrs and Party members who died on duty.
组织开展走访慰问获得党内功勋荣誉表彰的党员、生活困难党员、老党员、老干部和烈士遗属、因公殉职党员干部的家属等活动。
四、举办“不忘初心、牢记使命”大型主题展览
major theme exhibition on "stay true to the original aspiration and founding mission"
五、举办文艺演出
major theatrical performance
六、召开理论研讨会和座谈会
seminars and symposiums on theoretical study
七、创作推出一批文艺作品和出版物
a series of literature, art works and publications
大型文献专题片和专题节目；
Documentaries, special programs
戏剧、音乐、舞蹈、电影、电视剧等各类优秀文艺作品；
dramas, music, dances, films and TV series
重点党史著作和理论文章，《中国共产党的100年》等重点出版物；
major publications, including a book on the CPC's 100-year history
发行纪念邮票、纪念封和纪念币。
memorial stamps, covers and coins
八、开展群众性主题宣传教育活动
Party-themed publicity and education activities for the public nationwide
庆祝活动标识发布
The Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee on Wednesday released the official logo for activities to mark the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC.
中共中央宣传部3月24日公开发布中国共产党成立100周年庆祝活动标识。
活动标识由党徽、数字“100”“1921”“2021”和光芒线组成，生动展现中国共产党团结带领中国人民不忘初心、牢记使命、艰苦奋斗（stay true to the original aspiration and founding mission and work hard）的百年光辉历程。
数字“100”构成标识基本造型，“1”以100度仰角呈现，寓意以习近平同志为核心的党中央（the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core）团结带领全党全军全国各族人民在前进道路上不断从胜利走向新的胜利。
党徽（the Party emblem）位于标识左上方，寓意中国人民在中国共产党的领导下同心同德、砥砺前行，不断创造新的人间奇迹。
56根光芒线将数字“100”连接成一个有机整体，展示中国共产党是中国工人阶级的先锋队，同时是中国人民和中华民族的先锋队（the Communist Party of China is the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the Chinese people, and the Chinese nation），寓意奋进之光照耀中华大地、照亮未来之路。
嵌入数字“1921”代表100年前中国共产党的创始（the founding of the Communist Party of China），“2021”代表中国共产党团结带领中国人民实现第一个百年奋斗目标（achieve the first centenary goal）、开启第二个百年奋斗目标（march toward the second centenary goal），两个圆形寓意党和国家事业犹如滚滚历史车轮，势不可挡，勇往直前。
熊猫专列 panda-themed tourist train
3月24日，我国首趟以大熊猫为主题的旅游列车“熊猫专列”在四川开行体验班次。
China's first panda-themed tourist train left Chengdu Railway Station on Wednesday for the E'mei Station along the Chengdu Kunming Railway on a trial run.
3月24日，我国首趟熊猫主题旅游列车驶离成都火车站开启试运行，列车沿着成昆铁路朝着峨眉站驶去。
据了解，“熊猫专列”全列共12辆编组（the panda-themed train is composed of 12 carriages/cars），由1辆“熊猫悦府”（特级软卧）（deluxe soft sleeper car）、2辆“熊猫雅舍”（高级软卧）（high-end soft sleeper car）、5辆“熊猫归阁”（高级硬卧）（high-end hard sleeper car）、1辆“熊猫餐厅”（餐车）（dining car）、1辆“熊猫乐园”（多功能娱乐车）（multi-functional recreation car）组成的10辆主题车厢和1辆宿营车、1辆发电车组成，定员252席。
【知识点：compartment和carriage有什么区别】
铁路客车上一节一节的车厢在英式英语中一般用coach或carriage表示，美式英语中常用car表示，乘客车厢就是passenger coach或passenger car，卧铺车厢中独立的隔间叫compartment。火车上其他功能的车厢还有：行李车厢（baggage car）、餐车（dinning car）、卧铺车厢（sleeping car）、硬座车厢（chair car）等。
“熊猫专列”全面推行了“点对点，个性化”定制服务（customized service），除提供日常列车乘务外，还引进了星级宾馆“黄金管家”服务模式，专门配备“熊猫管家”（panda butler），实现了工作人员固定车厢和全列流动相结合的全方位服务。为满足旅游团队出行个性化需求，“熊猫专列”还可提供下午茶会（afternoon tea party）、主题歌会（karaoke party）、鸡尾酒会（cocktail party）等定制服务。
“熊猫专列”开行初期主要为四川、重庆、贵州三省，后期根据运营情况，“熊猫专列”将拓展至全国。
电子烟 e-cigarettes
In a draft amendment to China's Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Tobacco Patent Sales Law, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration proposed bringing e-cigarettes in line with current regulations for tobacco products.
工业和信息化部、国家烟草专卖局研究起草的《关于修改〈中华人民共和国烟草专卖法实施条例〉的决定(征求意见稿)》提出，电子烟参照关于卷烟的有关规定执行。
【知识点】
电子烟是一种特殊的烟草产品，一般由烟油和烟具组成。目前主流的电子烟（electronic cigarettes/e-cigarettes）大部分都是通过一个雾化器（vaporator）将包含丙二醇、植物甘油、调味香料（flavoring）和尼古丁等成分的烟油变成蒸汽（vapor），模拟吸烟时产生类似烟雾。
英语中经常用vape来表示“吸电子烟”这件事或者直接代指“电子烟”，比如：Rather than start vaping, you should give up smoking altogether（你应该直接戒烟，而不是开始吸电子烟）；Vape shop owners, several who tell us they never sell to anyone under 18, say the devices are helping people, not hurting them（售卖电子烟的好几个店主都跟我们说，从来不卖给18岁以下的顾客，还说电子烟是在帮助别人，不是害他们）。
征求意见稿增加这一条，是电子烟等新型烟草制品首次拟正式纳入专门法律监管（e-cigarettes are under specialized legal supervision for the first time）。
此次电子烟全面“入法”，不仅针对监管，还包括了生产（production）、零售（retail）、运输（transportation）等全部环节向卷烟靠拢。
电子烟到底有没有危害？
中国控烟协会副会长廖文科曾表示，电子烟对健康有害是毋庸置疑的，所谓的戒烟效果更多是一种商业宣传。
电子烟产生的气溶胶含有许多有毒有害的物质（toxic substances），电子烟中的各种添加剂成分（additives）也存在着健康风险（health risk）。另外，许多电子烟产品所含的尼古丁浓度标识模糊（nicotine concentration claim on the label is vague），容易导致使用者吸食过量。
同时，电子烟的器具还存在着电池爆炸（battery explosion）、烟液渗透（tobacco juice leak）、高温烫伤（scald burn risk）等安全风险。
对于电子烟的定性，工信部在征求意见稿的“说明”中表示，电子烟等新型烟草制品与传统卷烟在核心成分（core components）、产品功能（features）、消费方式（way of consumption）等方面具有同质性。将电子烟参照卷烟监管，符合电子烟产品特性以及当前国际监管的通行做法（in line with the current international regulatory practices）。
新冠疫苗接种 COVID-19 vaccination
3月28日举行的国务院联防联控机制新闻发布会正式宣布，
China had administered more than 100 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines by Saturday.
截至3月27日24时，全国累计报告接种新冠病毒疫苗超过1亿剂次。
【单词讲解】
Administer这个词最常见的意思是“管理、治理”，所以很多管理机构的名称里都有administration，比如National Medical Products Administration（国家药品监督管理局）。但是在接种疫苗这个语境里，administer的意思是“to give something to someone/to cause someone to receive something”（让某人接收到某物），比如：This drug should not be administered to the very young（这个药不能给太小的孩子用）；administer justice（实施正义）；Tests will be administered to schoolchildren at seven and twelve years（要对7岁和12岁的学生进行考试）。
国家卫健委疾控局副局长吴良有在发布会上表示，
Beijing and Shanghai have started vaccinating people over 60 who are in good health and those who have chronic disease.
北京、上海等地已经陆续开展了针对60岁以上身体健康状况良好的老年人群的疫苗接种。
The country will actively and prudently advance the COVID-19 vaccination of people over 60 and those who have chronic disease, based on the effectiveness of its mass vaccination campaign.
下一步将结合疫苗在大规模人群中的使用效果，积极稳妥推进60岁以上人群和慢性病患者的疫苗接种工作。
未来疫苗接种还将覆盖18岁以下人群
国药集团中国生物副总裁张云涛表示，
China National Biotech Group will start consultations with the National Medical Products Administration on the vaccination of those aged between 3 and 17, and it is expected to start soon.
对于3-17岁人群的接种工作，中国生物近期将和药监局作沟通。
The company started early and mid-stage clinical trials of vaccinations for people in that age group in Henan province last year, Zhang said.
去年中国生物在河南现场开展的I/II期临床研究的过程中就涵盖了3-17岁年龄段的临床研究。
The trials have shown that the vaccine's safety met expectations, and data on its effectiveness has also been obtained, he said.
目前这个年龄段的安全性数据已获得，达到了预期效果，有效性数据也已获得。
两款灭活疫苗对不同地区的10多株毒株有中和作用
近期国外频频发现变异新冠病毒，引发许多人对于我国疫苗有效性的担忧。对此，张云涛介绍，
Researchers have been testing the antiviral-mutation ability of the inactivated vaccines.
研究人员对灭活疫苗对抗变异病毒的能力进行了实验。
By using data from mid-and late-stage clinical trials in China and overseas, researchers have conducted experiments on a dozen variants, including those found in South Africa and the United Kingdom, Zhang said.
研究人员利用在国内和海外二期、三期临床试验后的血清，对包括南非发现的、英国发现的毒株，还有国内不同地区、不同流行区发现的10多株的毒株进行了交叉综合实验。
The experiments have found that the antibodies produced by the two inactivated vaccines have a good neutralizing effect on all the tested strains, he said, adding that such experiments are continuing on strains found in Brazil and Zimbabwe.
结果显示，两款灭活疫苗产生的中和抗体对这些毒株都有很好的中和作用。目前，国药集团中国生物在对巴西、津巴布韦发现的毒株进行中和实验监测。
北京科兴中维生物技术公司总经理高强也表示，
The company has started research and development of vaccines against the variants discovered in South Africa and Brazil.
科兴中维同时已经启动了对南非株、巴西株的疫苗研发工作。
Based on earlier cross-neutralization research on mutated strains found in 10 countries, its vaccine has proved to be effective, he said.
在研究初期已经对10个国家病毒株的变异进行中和试验，已经证明了当时研发的疫苗对各个国家的变异株是有保护作用的。
防治性骚扰行为指南 guideline on preventing sexual harassment
深圳市妇联、公安局等九部门联合印发我国首个指导机关、企业、学校等单位建立防治性骚扰工作机制的制度性文件《深圳市防治性骚扰行为指南》。
The "Guideline on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Shenzhen" refines provisions related to sexual harassment in the Civil Code and clarifies how such offenses are defined, manifested and dealt with.
《深圳市防治性骚扰行为指南》摘选了《民法典》中有关性骚扰的条款，并且进一步明确了性骚扰的定义、表现方式以及处理方式。
指南对性骚扰的定义是：
Sexual harassment refers to offense to a person by means of words, texts, images and physical acts,which is of a sexual nature, is against and unwelcomed by the subjective will of the victim and is an infringement of a person's personality rights and causes adverse psychological feelings or a hostile and unfriendly working or studying environment for the victim.
“性骚扰是指违背他人意愿，以言语、文字、图像、肢体行为等方式对他人实施具有性本质内容的、不受欢迎的侵权行为，该行为使当事人受到冒犯、胁迫、羞辱，导致了不良的心理感受或敌意、不友好的工作（学习）环境。”
指南还明确了言语、文字、图像、肢体等形式性骚扰的具体表现形式：
Verbal offense includes commenting on sensitive parts of a person's body, unwelcome sexual flirting and dirty jokes. Others include repeatedly sending letters, texts, emails or faxes with obscene content or pornographic pictures, patting, pinching, touching, kissing, hugging or caressing sensitive body parts, using work-related rewards as threat to demand sexual favors and exposing sexual organs.
言语骚扰包括当面评论一个人身体的敏感部位；不受欢迎的性挑逗；与性有关的下流的笑话等；多次发送带有淫秽内容或色情图片的信件、手机短信、电子邮件、传真等；拍、捏、抚摸、亲吻、搂抱、爱抚或者不恰当的触摸敏感部位；使用与工作相关的威胁或奖励要求性支持；暴露其性器官等。
指南的主要适用范围是机关、企业、学校（public institutions, enterprises and schools）等单位，要求设立防治性骚扰责任部门（set up special supervisory departments）、制定防治性骚扰制度（formulate working regulations）、开展防治性骚扰的宣传培训以及受理性骚扰申诉、举报和处置（conduct training and handle complaints and reports）。
同时，指南明确了机关、企业、学校等单位建立防治性骚扰制度的主要内容。具体包括公开承诺、内部投诉程序以及调职（transference）、降职（demotion）、开除（dismissal）、列入黑名单（blacklisting）等惩戒措施，同时还明确禁止报复措施。
公交、地铁、商场、影院等公共场所的性骚扰防治参照执行，应在明显的地方张贴“禁止性骚扰”标识（post "No Sexual Harassment" signs），公布性骚扰投诉处理热线电话（hotline for complaints）。
（中国日报网英语点津 Helen）
