2021年1月新闻热词汇总

来源:中国日报网
2021-02-01 11:23:52
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2021年1月,我国多个城市陆续开始对9类重点人群开展工作;美国国会确认拜登胜选,拜登正式就任美国第46任总统;因为国内疫情散发,国家卫健委发布通知倡议就地过年,多地餐馆开始筹备半成品年夜饭以及年夜饭外带套餐,北京发布进返京新规;我国2020年国内生产总值首次突破100万亿元,并且成为全球最大外资流入国;家庭教育法草案首次提请全国人大常委会审议。

 


新冠疫苗 COVID-19 vaccine

北京市自2021年1月1日起组织各区对9类重点人群开展了新冠疫苗接种工作,在知情和自愿的基础上,力争做到“应接尽接”。

Beijing's 220 health centers have since Friday vaccinated 73,537 people, with no major side effects detected, said Gao Xiaojun, a spokesman for the Beijing Health Commission, at a news conference on Sunday.
北京市卫生健康委员会新闻发言人高小俊在1月3日的发布会上介绍,1月1日以来,北京的220个接种点共接种新冠疫苗73537剂,未发生严重不良反应。


2020年12月31日,国务院联防联控机制发布我国首个新冠病毒疫苗附条件上市(conditional marketing authorization for China's first self-developed COVID-19 vaccine)。


The inactivated vaccine, which got the approval from the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), is developed by the Beijing Biological Products Institute Co., Ltd. under the China National Biotec Group (CNBG), which is affiliated with Sinopharm.
此次经国家药监局批准的疫苗为国药集团中国生物研发的新冠病毒灭活疫苗。

【知识点】

疫情发生以来,国务院联防联控机制科研攻关组专门设立疫苗研发专班,按照灭活疫苗(inactivated vaccines)、重组蛋白疫苗(recombinant protein vaccines)、腺病毒载体疫苗(adenovirus vector vaccines)、减毒流感病毒载体活疫苗(vaccines using attenuated influenza virus as vectors)、核酸疫苗(nucleic acid vaccines)5条技术路线共布局12项研发任务。


The interim results of its phase-3 clinical trials show 79.34 percent efficacy against COVID-19, meeting the standards of the World Health Organization and the NMPA, according to a press conference by the State Council joint prevention and control mechanism against COVID-19.This vaccine will be provided free of charge to all Chinese people.
国务院联防联控机制发布会表示,三期临床试验中期结果显示,该疫苗有效性达到79.34%,保护效力达到世界卫生组织及国家药监局相关标准要求,将为全民免费提供。


目前,我国首批新冠病毒疫苗开始在北京、山东等地对重点人群进行接种。

Currently, health centers don't accept individual vaccination reservations. Individuals going abroad for personal reasons can apply for the shot at their residential community service centers.
目前,接种点不接受个人接种预约。因私出境人员可到居住地所在社区服务站提交申请。


哪些人群不适宜接种新冠疫苗?

Groups that are not suitable to receive the vaccines include pregnant women, lactating women and patients with some diseases. These patients are those in the acute stage of fever and infection, suffering from immune deficiency or immune disorder, having severe liver or kidney diseases, having uncontrolled hypertension, diabetic complications or malignant tumors.
不适宜接种的人群包括:孕妇、哺乳期妇女、正处在发热、感染等疾病急性期、患免疫缺陷或免疫紊乱的人群、严重的肝肾疾病、药物不可控制的高血压、糖尿病并发症、恶性肿瘤等人员。


Currently, people in the age group from 18 to 59 are arranged to receive the vaccination, and people not in the age group should wait for further data of clinical trials to know whether they could be vaccinated.
目前,只安排18到59岁年龄段的人群接种,其他年龄段的人群需等待进一步临床试验数据,明确是否能接种。

 

宇航发射任务 space launch tasks


中国航天科技集团表示,2021年,该集团计划安排40余次宇航发射任务,载人航天空间站工程进入关键实施阶段。

China plans to launch the core module of its manned space station in the first half of 2021. Subsequent space missions include the launches of the Tianzhou-2 cargo craft and the Shenzhou-12 manned craft.
我国计划在2021年上半年发射载人空间站核心舱,而后接续发射天舟二号货运飞船和神舟十二号载人飞船。


【知识点】

1992年9月,中国实施载人航天工程并确定中国载人航天“三步走”的发展战略(three-step manned space program):

第一步,发射载人飞船(manned spaceship),建成初步配套的试验性载人飞船工程,开展空间应用实验。2003年神舟5号载人飞船任务顺利完成。

第二步,突破航天员出舱活动技术(extra-vehicular activity)、空间飞行器的交会对接技术(rendezvous and docking),发射空间实验室(space lab),解决有一定规模的、短期有人照料的空间应用问题。

第三步,建造空间站,解决有较大规模的、长期有人照料的空间应用问题(operate a permanent manned space station)。

2017年4月20日19时41分,天舟一号货运飞船(cargo spacecraft Tianzhou-1)成功发射。此次任务是中国载人航天工程空间实验室阶段(space laboratory stage of China manned space engineering)的收官之战,标志着中国载人航天工程胜利完成“三步走”战略中的“第二步”任务,为空间站建设任务奠定坚实技术基础。

2022年前后,我国“天和”号空间站有望完成组装,开始全面运行(fully operational)。

 

2021年的其他任务还包括:

China's Mars probe Tianwen-1 is designed to complete orbiting, landing and roving this year.
今年,火星探测器天问一号计划实施中国首次火星“绕、落、巡”探测。


The spacecraft, launched on July 23, 2020, is expected to enter the Mars orbit around February. Afterward, it will spend two to three months surveying potential landing sites to prepare for its landing in May.
天问一号于2020年7月23日发射,有望在2月份左右进入火星轨道。之后,天问一号将用2-3个月的时间考察可能的着陆地点,为5月份着陆火星做准备。


China will continue to research manned lunar exploration, and will foster the application of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and other major projects in civil aviation and other fields.
我国还将继续载人月球探测等研制工作,重点加快推动北斗导航等国家重大科技工程在民用航空等领域应用落地。

 


寒潮 cold wave

1月6日,北京迎来新年的第一个寒潮。下班时间段,天气软件显示气温零下17度,体感温度却是零下31度。

The first cold wave in 2021 features a "dramatic temperature drop," "significant wind-chill effect" and "prolonged period of low temperature," said Lei Lei, chief forecaster of the Beijing meteorological station.
北京市气象台首席预报员雷蕾表示,2021年第一个寒潮的特点是降温幅度大、风寒效应强、低温持续时间长。

【词汇讲解】

人们通常用cold snap、cold wave、cold front、cold spell来表达寒潮。寒潮是指strong cold air(强冷空气)由亚洲大陆西部或西北部侵袭中国时的强降温天气过程,一般多发生在秋末、冬季、初春时节。

当范围很大的cold air mass(冷气团)聚集到一定程度,就会大规模向南入侵,形成寒潮天气。寒潮地面高压的前端一般都有一条cold front(冷锋)。寒潮过后,当地会受low pressure area(低气压)控制。


根据北京市气象台监测,截至1月6日18时55分,北京南郊观象台的气温为-17.3℃,低于2010年的-16.7℃,创近20年来新低(a record low in 20 years)。


【知识点】

在英文中,除了cold,还能用哪些表达形容“冷”呢?从下面这些句子里学一学吧。

It's chilly today.
今天冷风飕飕。

It's freaking cold today!
今天冷死啦!

The wind really chills me to the bone./The wind is bone-chilling.
这寒风真是刺骨。

I got frozen stiff waiting at the bus stop.
在公交车站等车,我都冻僵了。

From Thursday to Friday, some areas in the provinces of Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, as well as Shanghai, will experience temperature drops of up to 10 degrees Celsius, said the National Meteorological Center (NMC).
1月7日至8日,山西、山东、江苏、江西、浙江、福建以及上海部分地区降温可达10摄氏度。


The cold wave will bring strong gales to areas along the Yangtze River and north of the river, according to the NMC.
受寒潮影响,长江流域及其以北地区将有大风。

【小百科】

气象学上划分风力等级的方法由爱尔兰人法兰西·蒲福海军上将在1805年左右制定,因此被称为“蒲福氏风级(Beaufort Scale)”。按强弱,将风力划为“零”至“十二”,共十三个等级。

0--无风,Calm,风速小于1km/h
1--轻微/微风/软风,Light air,风速1-5km/h
2--轻微/微风/轻风,Light breeze,风速6-11km/h
3--和缓/温和/微风,Gentle breeze,风速12-19km/h
4--和缓/和风,Moderate breeze,风速20-28km/h
5--清劲/清风,Fresh breeze,风速29-38km/h
6--强风,Strong breeze,风速39-49km/h
7--强风/疾风,Near gale,风速50-61km/h
8--烈风/大风,Gale,风速62-74km/h
9--烈风,Strong gale,风速75-88km/h
10--暴风/狂风,Storm,风速89-102km/h
11--暴风,Violent storm,风速103-117km/h
12--飓风,Hurricane,风速118-133km/h


气象专家介绍,这种因风所引起使体感温度较实际气温低的现象,被称作“风寒效应(wind-chill effect)”。

人的体温在多数情况下会高于周围环境气温(the human body temperature is normally higher than the ambient temperature),在无风或微风情况下,人体周围的空气分子交换很弱,这就在人体和大自然空气之间,形成了一个比较稳定的过渡层。由于空气是热的不良导体(air is a poor conductor of heat),这个过渡层就在贴近人体的表面起到了保暖的作用。

可是,当空气流动很快的时候,人体周围的空气保温层便不断地被新来的冷空气所代替(the protective air barrier around the body is constantly replaced by new cold air),并把热量带走。风速越大,人体散失的热量越快、越多,人也就越来越感到寒冷。

从大量的科学实验中,人们找出了风速大小和人体冷暖感觉的关系(the relationship between wind speed and the feeling of temperature),并大致计算出这样的数据:当气温在0℃以上时,风力每增加2级,人的寒冷感觉会下降3~5℃;气温在0℃以下时,风力每增加2级,人的寒冷感觉会下降6~8℃。

不过,风寒效应只发生在暴露在衣物之外的皮肤上(bare skin),所以只要挑选合适的衣物,尽量减少裸露在外的皮肤,就能将风寒效应降到最低。

 

选举人票 Electoral College votes

The US Congress certified Democrat Joe Biden's presidential election victory with 306 Electoral College votes early Thursday morning, after supporters of President Donald Trump stormed the Capitol, halting the certification process for several hours.
1月7日凌晨,美国国会确认民主党人乔·拜登赢得306张选举人票,在总统选举中获胜。此前,现任总统特朗普的支持者冲进国会大厦,导致确认程序中断数小时。

 

【知识点】

美国实行“选举人团(Electoral College)”的间接选举制度,共有538张选举人票。美国选民投票并不能直接选出总统,而是决定各州的选举人票归属哪位总统候选人(presidential candidate),最终获得至少270张选举人票的候选人胜出。

自19世纪80年代起,除缅因州和内布拉斯加州以外,其他各州都实行选举人票“赢者通吃”原则("winner-take-all" basis)。也就是说,某位总统候选人如果赢得某个州大多数的选票,他就赢得了该州全部的选举人票(a state has all of its electors pledged to the presidential candidate who wins the most votes in that state)。

缅因州和内布拉斯加州采用“国会选区法(congressional district method)”选出选举人(elector),每个国会选区(congressional district)选出一位赢得多数票的选举人,其余两名选举人则在全州范围内投票选出(statewide popular vote)。这些选举人支持的可能是不同的总统候选人,所以,在这两个州,总统候选人们都有可能获得一些属于自己的选举人票。


特朗普随后通过白宫发言人的社交媒体账号表态:

Even though I totally disagree with the outcome of the election, and the facts bear me out, nevertheless there will be an orderly transition on January 20th.
虽然我对选举结果完全不认同,事实也证明我是对的,不过,1月20日的权力交接会有序进行的。

【词汇讲解】

这里的bear out是个固定短语,表示“支持(某人的)观点、论点;证明(某人)是对的”,常用的搭配是bear someone out或bear out claims,比如:Recent studies have borne out claims that perfumes can cause psychological changes.(近期研究证明,香水能够引起心理变化这些论点是正确的)。


民主党赢得参议院控制权

Also on Wednesday, Democrat Jon Ossoff defeated Republican incumbent David Perdue in the Georgia runoff, giving Democrats control of the US Senate.
同样在1月6日,民主党人乔恩·奥索夫在佐治亚参议员选举中击败了共和党现任参议员大卫·珀杜,使民主党获得参议院控制权。

Ossoff's victory came after the win on Tuesday by Raphael Warnock over incumbent Senator Kelly Loeffler to become Georgia's first black senator.
此前,民主党人拉斐尔·沃尔纳克在1月5日击败现任共和党参议员凯利·洛夫勒,成为佐治亚州的第一位非裔参议员。

 

核酸检测 nucleic acid testing


临近春节,国内疫情出现多点散发现象,能否“回家过年”成了很多人关心的话题。

People have been urged to stay in the cities where they work for the Spring Festival holiday and abide by the regulations of epidemic prevention and control in scenic spots when traveling, according to Zeng Yixin, deputy head of the National Health Commission.
国家卫生健康委员会副主任曾益新表示,倡导大家在工作地过年,出门旅游要严格遵守景区疫情防控规定。


Zeng said the epidemic situation during the winter and spring was likely to remain grim and complex, especially in the upcoming Spring Festival, so it's necessary to limit gatherings and the flow of people. He advised people to choose off-peak travel and online shopping.
曾益新表示,冬春季,尤其是春节期间,疫情防控形势依旧严峻、复杂,限制聚集活动及人员流动很有必要,同时建议错峰出行和线上消费。

【单词讲解】

这里的off-peak相当于peak的反义词,表示“not at the most popular and expensive time, when many people are doing or using a particular thing”,即“非高峰时段的,淡季的”,比如,off-peak fares(淡季票价),off-peak season/off season(淡季)等,那么与之相对的peak season自然就是“旺季”了。

 


多地明确:返乡者需持核酸检测阴性证明


To curb the epidemic in this winter-spring period, China will expand nucleic acid testing to a larger scale and increase regular testing frequency.
为了遏制冬春季疫情,我国将进一步扩大核酸检测范围,并增加定期检测频率。


Meanwhile, several provinces have made it clear that those returning from low-risk areas during the Spring Festival holidays also need to have negative result of nucleic acid testing.
与此同时,多地已明确,春节假期从低风险区返乡者也需持核酸检测阴性证明。


An urgent notice was also issued in many regions that gatherings, parties, banquets, reunions and other activities should be canceled.
全国多地紧急发布通知:聚餐、聚会、宴请、团拜等活动一律取消。


专家:春节人员流动要注意


Zhang Boli, a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, said earlier that scattered COVID-19 outbreaks are almost unavoidable with the falling temperatures in winter, which make it easier for the novel coronavirus to survive. He called for the public to reduce gatherings and travel during and around Spring Festival.
中国工程院院士张伯礼此前表示,冬季气温下降,使得病毒更容易生存,新冠肺炎散发不可避免。他建议人们在春节期间减少聚集和出行。

【单词讲解】

在新冠疫情相关的报道中,我们经常会看到“疫情零星散发”和“聚集性疫情”这样的描述,其中“疫情零星散发”通常用sporadic outbreak或scattered outbreak来表示。Sporadic强调疫情出现的不规律性,与occasional意思相近,比如:She makes sporadic trips to Europe(她偶尔会去欧洲);而scattered则强调散发病例覆盖的范围较广,比如:The forecast is for scattered showers tomorrow(天气预报说明天有分散性阵雨)。


Epidemic control and prevention in China is expected to improve significantly in spring following mass COVID-19 vaccination, he said.
等到春季新冠疫苗普遍接种,疫情防控形势基本会有大好转。

 

本科毕业论文 undergraduate theses

Starting this year, Chinese education authorities will institute random checks on undergraduate theses to crack down on plagiarism, ghostwriting, and other forms of academic misconduct.
从今年起,教育管理部门将对本科毕业论文进行抽检,以打击剽窃、代写及其他形式的学术不端行为。

【知识点】

“学术不端”(academic misconduct)的一般性界定为:高等学校及其教学科研人员、管理人员和学生,在科学研究及相关活动中发生的违反公认的学术准则、违背学术诚信的行为。

2016年,教育部发布《高等学校预防与处理学术不端行为办法》,第一次以部门规章的形式对高等学校预防与处理学术不端行为做出规定。

《办法》中明确的六种“学术不端”情形包括:剽窃、抄袭、侵占他人学术成果(plagiarism),篡改他人研究成果(fabrication or alteration of research results),伪造数据或捏造事实(data falsification),不当署名(inappropriate authorship),提供虚假学术信息(providing false or misleading information),买卖或代写论文(academic paper selling or ghostwriting)等。同时授权高等学校可以结合学校实际,自行规定六类之外的学术不端情形。


如何抽检?


According to the Ministry of Education, provincial education departments should double-check at least 2% of a university’s theses, and graduates with final essays containing irregularities can have their degrees revoked.
教育部要求,省级教育管理部门应对高校本科论文进行抽检,抽检比例不低于2%,毕业论文存在不合规情况的学生,其学位将被撤销。

【单词讲解】

这里的revoke表示“吊销、废除、撤销”,一般都是官方机构发出的正式决定,比如,revoke driving license(吊销驾照)、revoke operating license(吊销营业执照)等;此外也可以revoke a ruling/order(撤销判决、命令)等。

 

Each thesis will be reviewed by three experts, who will also check the essays for quality. If two reviewers say the paper is substandard, it will be identified as problematic. Such results will be made public, and universities with a high percentage of problematic theses will be held accountable, the ministry said.
教育部表示,每篇论文送3位同行专家,3位专家中有2位及以上专家评议意见为“不合格”的毕业论文,将认定为“存在问题毕业论文”。抽检结果向社会公开,“存在问题毕业论文”比例较高的高校将被问责。

 

林长制 forest chief scheme


China has issued a guideline to implement a forest chief scheme nationwide amid the country's continuous efforts to protect forests and grasslands. It was issued by the general offices of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council and urged that the forest chief scheme will be rolled out nationwide by June 2022.
中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅近日印发《关于全面推行林长制的意见》,加强对森林和草原的保护。意见提出,2022年6月在全国全面建立林长制。

进口冷链食品 imported cold-chain food

1月14日,海关总署新闻发言人、统计分析司司长李魁文表示,海关总署严格按照国务院联防联控机制总体部署,加大进口冷链食品的检疫力度,防范新冠肺炎疫情通过进口冷链食品输入的风险。

Overseas food exporters should strictly follow the regulatory guidelines issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization to ensure their exports to China are not contaminated by the novel coronavirus during production, processing, storage or transportation, Li Kuiwen said.
李魁文表示,各国输华食品企业应落实联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)食品企业指南,严防输华食品及包装在生产、加工、储存、运输等各环节受到新冠病毒污染。

 

So far, China has suspended imports from 124 cold-chain food manufacturers across 21 countries where employees had been infected with COVID-19. Among them, 107 companies voluntarily suspended exports to China following outbreaks, Li said.
目前,对发生员工感染新冠肺炎的21个国家的124家冷链食品生产企业采取了暂停其产品进口措施,其中有107家企业是在出现疫情后即自主暂停了对华出口。

【单词讲解】

说到“暂停”,我们可能立即会想到pause这个词,不过,在具体使用的时候,pause更偏重“短时间暂停(后继续进行某事)”的意思,比如:He talked for two hours without pausing for breath.(他说了两个小时的话,都没有停下来喘口气。)On leaving, she paused for a moment at the door.(离开的时候,她在门口停顿了一下。)而上文中的suspension及其动词形式suspend多指“把事情停下来一阵子(直到有后续的决策)”,比如:Tour groups were suspended because of the epidemic.(由于疫情原因,团队游被暂时叫停了。)这里的“暂停”一般会持续一段时间,直到形势变化允许这件事能继续进行。

 


加强进口冷链食品新冠病毒风险监测

By Wednesday, approximately 1.3 million cold-chain products had been sampled for nucleic acid testing, with 47 tested positive.
截至2021年1月13日24时,全国海关共抽样检测样本近130万个,检出核酸阳性结果47个。

As part of emergency preventive measures, the GAC suspends import declarations of foreign food makers whose products test positive for one to four weeks.
海关总署对检出阳性的境外食品生产企业实施暂停其产品进口申报一周到四周的紧急预防性措施。

 


在口岸环节开展预防性消毒工作

China also ramped up disinfection at ports to stem the spread of COVID-19 through imported cold chains. By Wednesday, the outer packagings of 13.17 million products had been disinfected at ports across the country.
加强进口冷链食品口岸环节预防性消毒工作,严防新冠肺炎疫情通过进口冷链食品输入风险。截至1月13日24时,全国口岸环节已预防性消毒进口冷链食品外包装1317万件。

【词汇讲解】

这里的ramp up是一个固定搭配的短语,表示“增加,加强”等意思,根据不同的语境可以跟increase或intensify替换使用,比如:The company announced plans to ramp up production to 10,000 units per month.(公司宣布将每月产量增加到一万件);ramp up security in the airports(加强机场安保)。

 

国内生产总值 Gross Domestic Product

国家统计局1月18日发布数据,2020年,我国国内生产总值(GDP)首次突破100万亿元大关。

China's economy grew by 2.3 percent in 2020, with major economic targets achieving better-than-expected results, the National Bureau of Statistics said on Monday.
国家统计局1月18日表示,2020年,我国经济增长2.3%,经济社会发展主要目标任务完成情况好于预期。


The country's annual GDP came in at 101.59 trillion yuan ($15.68 trillion) in 2020, surpassing the 100 trillion yuan threshold, the NBS said.
国家统计局表示,2020年全年国内生产总值达到101.59万亿元,突破100万亿元大关。

【单词讲解】

Threshold读作['θreʃ.həʊld],本意指“门槛”,也可以引申为“...的起点”等意思,比如: a low threshold for pain(痛点很低),the threshold of a new era(新时代的起点), income tax threshold(个税起征点)等。

 

【知识点】

国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product,简称GDP)是指在一定时期内(一个季度或一年),一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和劳务的价值(the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a specific time period),常被公认为衡量国家经济状况的最佳指标。


Output of industrial companies with annual revenue of more than 20 million yuan expanded by 2.8 percent year-on-year in 2020 and 7.3 percent in December.
全年全国规模以上工业增加值比上年增长2.8%。12月份,规模以上工业增加值同比增长7.3%。

【知识点】

规模以上工业企业是中华人民共和国自1996年开始使用的一个统计学术语,与“规模以下”相对,2011年1月起用于代指年主营业务收入人民币2000万元及以上的全部工业企业(industrial companies with annual revenue of more than 20 million yuan)。

 

Growth in retail sales came in at negative 3.9 percent year-on-year last year, but the growth recovered to positive 4.6 percent in December.
全年社会消费品零售总额比上年下降3.9%。不过,12月份,社会消费品零售总额同比增长4.6%。


The country registered a 2.9-percent growth in fixed-asset investment in 2020.
全年全国固定资产投资比上年增长2.9%。


The surveyed urban unemployment rate nationwide was 5.2 percent in December and 5.6 percent on average in the whole year.
12月份,全国城镇调查失业率为5.2%,2020年年均城镇调查失业率为5.6%。

 


月球样品 lunar samples

嫦娥五号从月球带回的约1731克“土特产”备受关注。1月18日,国家航天局首次对外发布了《月球样品管理办法》,明确了这些“土特产”的用途。

 

The regulations cover general principles for preserving, managing, using, borrowing and returning the lunar samples, as well as information release and research results management of the samples.
办法包含了月球样品保存、管理和使用的总体原则、信息发布、借用与分发、使用与返还、成果管理等方面内容。


The lunar samples will be divided into four categories-permanent storage, backup permanent storage, research, and public-interest purposes, according to the regulations.
办法规定,月球样品原则上将分为永久存储、备份永久存储、研究和公益四种基础用途。

【单词讲解】

这里的backup指a copy of something that is stored separately from the original one,即“(与原始样本分开存储的)备份”,比如,Before we leave work each day, we make a backup of all the records we have entered into the computer that day.(每天下班前,我们都要把当天录入电脑的记录全部做备份);另外,backup还可以指“备用的人或物”,比如:The party is going to be outdoors, so we'll need to organize somewhere as a backup in case it rains.(派对安排在户外,所以我们需要另外找一个备用场地,以防中途下雨)。看美剧的时候,我们经常会听到人说“call for backup”,在这里,backup表示“后续的支援力量”。

 

按照基础用途:永久存储和备份永久存储样品作为原始样品进行封存(sealed and stored as original samples);研究样品用于月球科学研究、分析(scientific research and analysis);公益样品用于展览(public exhibition)、科普、教育(science education)等公益性活动。


在国际合作方面,办法指出:

The samples' managing and using will be done in accordance with international treaties that China has signed or taken part in. Meanwhile, China National Space Administration encourages researchers at home and abroad to use the samples in joint studies on space science and to share their findings with each other.
月球样品的管理和使用遵守中华人民共和国缔结和参加的相关国际公约。国家航天局鼓励开展基于月球样品的空间科学国际联合研究工作,促进成果的国际共享。

 


年夜饭 New Year's Eve meal

因近期新冠疫情多地散发,全国各地都号召就地过年。年夜饭怎么吃,就成了很多人关心的问题。

The number of searches for "New Year's Eve meal" on an online food-ordering platform this year is four times higher than that of the same period last year.
在线订餐平台上“年夜饭”的搜索量同比去年同期上涨了4倍。

【知识点】

这里的“年夜饭”除了用New Year's Eve meal表示,很多时候也可以用reunion dinner表达,即“团圆饭”,年夜饭里一定要有鱼,寓意“年年有余(鱼)(wish for an increase in prosperity year-after-year)”。


Many restaurants are preparing more ready-to-cook meals and standard sets for one to two people to meet the expected spike in demand from young consumers in first and second-tier cities.
很多一二线城市的餐馆已经在增加半成品年夜饭以及适宜1至2人食用的套餐储备,以应对年轻消费者相关需求的激增。

【单词讲解】

这里的ready-to-cook meals指各类食材都已准备好,只需简单烹调就可以食用的餐食,与其相对的是ready meal或ready-made meal,即“预制餐”,只需加热即可食用。另外,我们日常购买的各种“成衣”都可以用ready-to-wear clothes表示,即“用标准化尺寸制作好的衣服,可以随买随穿”。

 

Some merchants are also planning to launch deluxe New Year's Eve sets for singles.
有商家计划推出“年夜饭豪华单人套餐”。


Some time-honored and well-known restaurants have also launched takeout reunion meals.
一些知名餐饮老字号商家也推出外带年夜饭。

【单词讲解】

这里的takeout可以用作名词或形容词,表示“外卖(商家或食物)”,主要用于美式英语语境,在英式英语中,“外卖”多用takeaway表示。与其相对的“堂食”多用dine in表示,比如:They offer dine-in and takeout(他们提供堂食和外带服务)。

 

返乡人员 people returning to rural areas

国家卫生健康委员会疾控局监察专员王斌在1月20日国务院联防联控机制新闻发布会上表示,返乡人员要持有7日以内的核酸阴性检测证明,才能够返乡。

 

According to a notice released on the website of the National Health Commission, people returning to rural areas should isolate themselves at home for 14 days and take nucleic acid tests every seven days.
国家卫健委官网发布的通知显示,返乡人员需居家隔离14天,每7天进行一次核酸检测。


In addition to checking the test results of returnees during the festival, local governments must monitor and record their health status, increase local testing capacity and establish quarantine facilities in preparation for potential outbreaks.
除查验检测结果以外,各地政府还要监测并记录返乡人员健康状况,提升检测能力,建立隔离设施,做好突发应对准备。


何为返乡人员?

国家卫健委明确:返乡人员是指从外地返回农村地区的人员(returnees are those who return to rural areas from other parts of the country)。

主要包括:

一是跨省份返乡人员(cross-provincial returnees);

二是来自本省内中高风险区域所在地市的返乡人员(中高风险区域内部人员原则上不流动)(returnees from medium or high risk areas within the province);

三是本省内的进口冷链食品从业人员、口岸直接接触进口货物从业人员、隔离场所工作人员、交通运输工具从业人员等重点人群(specific populations who deal with cold-chain imported food, have direct contact with imported goods at ports, work at quarantine sites or in transportation sector)。


持核酸检测阴性证明返乡从什么时候开始?

持核酸检测阴性证明返乡从1月28日春运开始后实施,至3月8日春运结束后截止(the policy will be followed during the annual Spring Festival travel rush which lasts from Jan 28 to March 8 this year)。


持核酸检测阴性证明返乡后是否需要隔离?

持核酸检测阴性证明返乡后不需要隔离,但需要进行14天居家健康监测(14-day health monitoring at home),做好体温、症状监测,非必要不外出、不聚集(avoid unnecessary outing and gathering),必须外出时做好个人防护,并在返乡后第7天和第14天分别做一次核酸检测。

返乡不满14天的,以实际返乡时间落实居家健康监测和核酸检测要求。

 


家庭教育法 family education law

家庭教育法草案近日提请全国人大常委会会议审议。

Parents or guardians should not use violence as a way to teach children lessons, the draft law said. They should not discriminate against children based on their gender or physical condition, or coerce, lure, incite or use minors to violate laws, regulations or social morality, according to the draft.
草案提出,未成年人父母或者其他监护人在实施家庭教育过程中,不得对未成年人有性别、身体状况等歧视,不得有任何形式的家庭暴力,不得胁迫、引诱、教唆、利用未成年人从事违反法律法规和社会公德的活动。

【词汇讲解】

这里的teach children lessons就是我们熟知的短语teach someone a lesson的复数形式,剑桥在线词典对这个短语的解释是“to show someone, as a result of experience, what should not be done in the future”,即“通过某种经历让某人知道以后什么事不能干”,也就是“给某人一个教训”,比如:After the CEO was found guilty, he was forced to repay $150 million in damages and will spend the next 10 years in jail. If that doesn't teach him a lesson, I don't know what will.(那位首席执行官被判有罪后,他要赔偿1.5亿美元的损失,还要入狱服刑10年。如果这都不能让他有个教训,我不知道还有什么事儿能教训他了)。


草案明确,家庭教育(family education)是指父母或者其他监护人对未成年人实施的、以促进其健康成长为目的的引导和影响(guidance and influence that aims to promote the healthy growth and development of minors),根本任务在于立德树人(foster character and civic virtue)。


草案其他要点包括:

Parents and guardians shoulder the primary responsibility to educate children, while the government, schools and society should offer support for family education, the draft said, adding that the country should intervene when necessary.
未成年人的父母或者其他监护人是实施家庭教育的责任主体。政府、学校、社会为家庭教育提供支持,促进家庭教育。必要时,国家对家庭教育进行干预。


Law enforcement should admonish parents or ask them to improve family education when children have received administrative punishment from the police or committed minor crimes, it said.
未成年人受到公安部门行政处罚或有轻微犯罪行为时,执法部门应该对其父母进行训诫或要求其改进家庭教育。

【单词讲解】

这里的admonish读作/ədˈmɒn.ɪʃ/,表示“训诫、责备;规劝”等意思,多用于正式语境,常用的搭配是admonish someone for doing something或admonish someone to do something,比如:His mother admonished him for eating too quickly.(他吃饭太快被他妈妈责备了);Her teacher admonished her to work harder for her exams.(老师劝告她要努力备考)。


Courts could strip guardianship from parents if law enforcement authorities find they have violated the rights and interests of minors and have refused to correct their behavior.
侵犯未成年人权益且拒绝改正的父母,法院可以剥夺其监护人资格。

 

Schools should notify parents when students have seriously violated regulations or laws and offer parents guidance in educating children. When parents refuse to fulfill their responsibilities, schools should notify the local residential or village committee or the parents' employers, it said.
学生在校严重违法违规时,学校应通知家长并为其提供教育指导。父母拒绝履行家长责任的,学校应通知当地居委会(村委会)或家长所在单位。

外资流入国 FDI recipient

联合国贸易和发展会议1月24日发布的报告显示,2020年,全球外国直接投资(FDI)总额大幅下滑,但中国FDI逆势增长,成为全球最大外资流入国。

 

China was the world's largest recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2020, as flows rose by 4 percent to $163 billion, followed by the United States, a report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) showed.
联合国贸易和发展会议发布的报告显示,2020年中国的外国直接投资增长4%,达1630亿美元,成为全球最大外资流入国,美国排名第二位。

【知识点】

外商直接投资(也称“外国直接投资”,foreign direct investment,FDI)指外国企业和经济组织或个人(包括华侨、港澳台胞以及我国在境外注册的企业)按我国有关政策、法规,用现汇、实物、技术等在我国境内开办外商独资企业(wholly foreign-owned enterprise)、与我国境内的企业或经济组织共同举办中外合资经营企业(Chinese-foreign equity joint venture)、合作经营企业(Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture)或合作开发资源的投资(包括外商投资收益的再投资),以及经政府有关部门批准的项目投资总额内企业从境外借入的资金。

 


发达经济体受疫情冲击最为严重

The decline in FDI was concentrated in developed countries, where flows fell by 69 percent to $229 billion.
发达经济体FDI受疫情冲击最为严重。2020年,发达经济体吸收FDI约2290亿美元,较前一年骤降69%。


Flows to North America slumped by 46 percent to $166 billion, with cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) down by 43 percent.
2020年流入北美的投资下降46%,降至1660亿美元,跨境合并收购下降43%。


The United States recorded a 49 percent drop in FDI in 2020, falling to an estimated $134 billion.
2020年流入美国的外国直接投资下降49%,降至1340亿美元。


Investment in Europe also shrunk. Flows fell by two-thirds to $110 billion.
流入欧盟的外国直接投资在2020年下降了三分之二,降至1100亿美元。


发展中经济体相比发达国家更受外资青睐


Although FDI to developing economies decreased by 12 percent to an estimated $616 billion, they accounted for 72 percent of global FDI — the highest share on record.
流入发展中经济体的外国直接投资约为6160亿美元,比2019年下降12%,流入发展中经济体的外国直接投资占全球外国直接投资的比重已高达72%,达到历史最高水平。


While developing countries in Asia performed well as a group, attracting an estimated $476 billion in FDI in 2020, flows to members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) contracted by 31 percent to $107 billion.
虽然亚洲发展中国家整体表现良好,2020年吸引外国直接投资约为4760亿美元,但是流入东盟国家的外国直接投资下降了31%,降至1070亿美元。


贸发会议预测,

Despite projections for the world economy to recover in 2021, UNCTAD expects FDI flows to remain weak as the pandemic persists.
虽然预测全球经济会在2021年复苏,但是由于疫情持续,2021年全球外国直接投资增长仍将疲弱。

 

就地过年 stay local for the Spring Festival

中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发了《关于做好人民群众就地过年服务保障工作的通知》。

All residents in areas at high risk of COVID-19 shall stay at their current residing localities to prevent spreading the epidemic, said the circular.Travel from medium-risk areas will need permission from the local epidemic prevention and control authorities. Those living in low-risk areas shall be advised to avoid traveling unless necessary, the circular said.
通知指出,疫情高风险地区群众均应就地过年,防止因人员流动导致疫情传播扩散。中风险地区群众需要出行的,需经属地疫情防控机构批准。低风险地区倡导群众非必要不出行。

In principle, people who do need to travel should not go to medium and high risk areas.
确需出行人员原则上不前往中高风险地区。


【知识点】

依据国务院应对新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情联防联控机制《关于科学防治精准施策分区分级做好新冠肺炎疫情防控工作的指导意见》中的风险划定标准:

Cities, counties and districts with no newly confirmed cases in the last 14 days are categorized as low-risk regions, those with fewer than 50 cases or those with over 50 but without a concentrated outbreak are classified as medium-risk regions, and those with over 50 cases as well as a concentrated outbreak are classified as high-risk regions.
即以县市区为单位,无确诊病例或连续14天无新增确诊病例为低风险地区;14天内有新增确诊病例,累计确诊病例不超过50例,或累计确诊病例超过50例,14天内未发生聚集性疫情为中风险地区;累计病例超过50例,14天内有聚集性疫情发生为高风险地区。


加强就地过年群众生活保障

According to the circular, all localities, especially large and medium-sized cities, are asked to guarantee stable supplies of necessities and energy.
切实加强生活物资保障和能源保供,特别是大中城市要提前安排,充分准备。


Smooth logistics and transport services should meet the needs for shopping, recreation, and entertainment of people who stay where they work during the holiday.
要求物流及交通服务顺畅运行,满足就地过年群众的购物、休闲、娱乐需求。


Efforts should ensure that those who work during the holiday enjoy due overtime payments and rest under the relevant laws, it added.
在春节期间安排职工工作的,用人单位要依法支付加班工资或安排调休。

【单词讲解】

职场常用缩略语中的OT就是overtime的简写形式,即“加班”或“加班费”,可以用作形容词、副词或名词,比如:They're working overtime to get the job done on time.(为了按时完成工作,他们在加班赶进度);We have put in 15 hours of overtime this week.(我们这周已经加了15个小时的班了);You can earn some overtime by working after 6 pm(你可以下午6点钟以后继续工作,挣点加班费)。在体育比赛中,overtime则表示“加时赛”,英式英语中多用extra time表示,比如:they need a three pointer to force overtime(他们需要投进一个三分球来打加时赛)。

 

中新自贸协定升级 upgrade of the China-New Zealand FTA

China and New Zealand on Tuesday signed a protocol on upgrading their 12-year-old free trade agreement (FTA), which is expected to bring more benefits to the businesses and peoples of the two countries.
中国和新西兰于1月26日签署自贸协定升级议定书,这意味着将给两国企业和百姓带来更多利好。中国和新西兰的自贸协定已签署了12年。

【知识点】

中国和新西兰在2008年4月签署自贸协定(free trade agreement,FTA),于同年10月正式生效。这是我国签署的第一个涵盖货物贸易(trade in goods)、服务贸易(trade in services)、投资(investment)等诸多领域的双边全面自贸协定,也是中国与发达国家签署的第一个自贸协定(the first FTA between China and a developed country)。

中新自贸协定升级谈判于2016年11月启动,2019年11月宣布完成。2020年11月15日,包括中国和新西兰等15个成员国在内的区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership,RCEP)正式签署。此次协定升级让两国经贸关系在RCEP基础上进一步提质增效。

 

升级“升”什么?


The FTA upgrade adds new chapters on e-commerce, government procurement, competition policy as well as environment and trade, in addition to improvements on rules of origin, customs procedures and trade facilitation, technical barriers to trade and trade in services.
自贸协定升级除对原协定的原产地规则、海关程序与贸易便利化、技术性贸易壁垒、服务贸易等5个领域进行升级外,还新增电子商务、政府采购、竞争政策、环境与贸易等4个领域。

【单词讲解】

Upgrade这个词用法很多,可以用作动词、名词,其核心意思都跟“上升”有关,比如:I was upgraded to the first class during the flight(我在飞机上被升到了头等舱),He was upgraded to sales manager(他升职当销售经理了),I have my computer system upgraded(我找人把我的计算机系统升级了),这三个例句中的upgrade分别表达了不同语境下的“提升、升级”;用作名词形式表达这几个句子的意思就是:I got an upgrade to the first class during the flight/His upgrade to sales manager is a good news for the family/Someone helped me with my computer system upgrade。


On the basis of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, China will further expand its opening-up in sectors including aviation, education, finance, elderly care, and passenger transport to New Zealand to boost the trade in services.
在区域全面经济伙伴关系协定基础上,中国将在航空、教育、金融、养老以及客运等领域扩大对新开放,促进服务贸易发展。


The upgraded FTA will see both countries open their markets for certain wood and paper products.
自贸协定升级后,中新两国将向对方开放部分木材纸制品市场。


New Zealand will lower its threshold for reviewing Chinese investment, allowing it to receive the same review treatment as members of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP).
新方将放宽对中资审查门槛,给予中方投资者与全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定(CPTPP)成员同等的审查门槛待遇。


It has also doubled the quota for Chinese Mandarin teachers and Chinese tour guides working in the country to 300 and 200, respectively.
汉语教师和中文导游赴新就业配额提高一倍,分别提高到300名和200名。

 

进返京新规 Beijing's new entry rules

北京市政府新闻发言人徐和建在1月27日的疫情防控发布会上通报称,春节前后这段特定时间,充分考虑境内外疫情严峻复杂形势、人流增加的疫情传播风险,北京分级分类采取相对从严从紧的防控措施。

From Jan 28 to March 15, travelers from domestic low-risk areas must provide negative nucleic acid results within seven days upon arrival, they must undergo health monitoring for 14 days and receive two separete nucleic acid tests on their 7th and 14th day in Beijing.
自1月28日至3月15日,国内低风险地区人员进返京须持抵京前7日内核酸检测阴性证明,抵京后实行14天健康监测,满7天、满14天各开展一次核酸检测。


Entry to the Chinese capital will be declined for those from domestic medium and high-risk and lockdown areas, while inbound travelers entering the Chinese mainland via other cities must wait for 21 days before visiting Beijing.
国内中高风险地区及全域实行封闭管理的人员,原则上不能进京。国内其他口岸入境人员满21天方可进京。

【单词讲解】

这里的decline表示“拒绝”,与refuse意思相近,只不过decline更加礼貌、正式一点,比如:I invited him to the meeting but he declined.(我邀请他参会,但是他婉拒了),这里的decline可以用refuse替换,只不过替换之后语气就比decline要不客气一些了。另外一个表示“拒绝”的词reject包含的不客气程度要比decline和refuse都更强,通常强调“退回、驳回”的意思,比如:The publisher rejected the manuscript as unpublishable(发行商以不符合出版条件为由退回了手稿),The manager rejected my request for more time to finish the project(我提出的延长完工时间的请求被经理驳回了);reject用作名词的时候多表示“退回的货物或人”,比如:The gown was very cheap because it was a reject(那件长袍很便宜,因为是退回来的货)。


The municipal government also renewed calls for residents to avoid outbound travels during the festival to minimize infection risks and promised to offer shopping coupons and free data packages to those who choose to stay put.
北京市政府再次呼吁市民节日期间避免出境,以降低病毒感染风险,同时表示将为留京过年人员发放消费券和免费流量包。

【知识点】

“境内、境外”中的“境”有时指“国境(the territory of China)”,有时指“关境(customs territory)”,翻译前必须进行仔细甄别。国境是指一个国家行使主权的领土范围,从国境的角度讲,香港、澳门和台湾属“境内”。例如“中国境内的外国人”译为“foreigners in the territory of China”。

关境是指适用同一海关法或实行同一关税制度的区域,从关境的角度讲,香港、澳门和台湾、澎湖、金门、马祖(台澎金马)在世界贸易组织中是单独关税区,属于“境外”;这种情况下,“境内”指的就是例句中加粗字体所列的范围,即中国大陆地区(the Chinese mainland)。因此,“出境”我们通常用outbound travel表示。“入境人员”可以用inbound passengers或overseas arrivals,不能用foreign/international passengers,因为疫情期间入境人员很多都是我国在外的同胞。

 

新冠疫苗升级 updated version of COVID-19 vaccines

最近,英国、南非和巴西先后发现新的新冠病毒变异毒株。有卫生领域人员担忧,目前的疫苗可能无法有效对抗这些新的变异毒株。

 

中国疾控中心艾滋病首席专家邵一鸣表示:

If necessary, an upgrade for China's inactivated COVID-19 vaccine could be completed in about two months.
如果真需要对疫苗进行升级,中国的新冠灭活疫苗预计可在2个月左右完成。

 

Lab data shows that Chinese vaccines' capability to help human bodies generate antibodies remains almost steady in neutralizing the new variants of the virus that emerged in Europe, South America, and the US across the first half of 2020, said Shao. "Although the efficacy is slightly weakened when it comes to the new variants."
实验室数据显示,国内疫苗诱导的抗体对去年上半年在欧洲、南美、美国出现的新冠毒株的中和能力没有变化,但对新出现的变异毒株的中和能力,则有轻微下降。

【单词讲解】

这里的neutralize是形容词neutral的动词形式,表示“使中和,使无效,使中立”等意思,比如,neutralize a threat(消除威胁),neutralize an enemy(消灭敌人),Raising the sales tax will neutralize the tax cut(提高销售税就能抵消减税带来的影响)。


邵一鸣表示,在应对变异毒株方面,两条反应最快的技术路线分别是mRNA疫苗和灭活疫苗。

The redesign of inactivated technology could take a bit longer than the mRNA technology, which does not require cultivating and inactivating the virus.
灭活技术路线重新设计需要的时间要比mRNA技术路线稍长,因为后者不需要培育和灭活病毒。

他表示,灭活疫苗的质控因素(quality control factors)较多,会比mRNA疫苗的化学合成和修饰的升级过程上稍慢一些,但前后时间差应不会超过1个月。

 

国外疫苗厂商也在关注变异毒株


Moderna Inc said on Monday it believes its COVID-19 vaccine protects against new variants found in Britain and South Africa, although it will test a new booster shot aimed at the South African variant after concluding the antibody response could be diminished.
1月25日,摩德纳公司表示,他们认为本公司研发的新冠疫苗对英国和南非出现的新变异毒株依然有效,不过,鉴于对南非出现的变异毒株抗体反应减弱,该公司将针对这个变种测试一种新的加强针。

【单词讲解】

这里的booster shot,即“加强针”,指疫苗注射一段时间后,体内抗体有所下降,不足以起到保护作用时,再次注射的疫苗,以提高抗体水平。Booster是动词boost的名词形式,火箭发射过程中经常用到的“助推器”也是booster。Boost这个词在各类新闻报道中经常出现,比如:plans to boost production(提升产量的计划),boost morale(提振士气),boost confidence(增强信心)等。


Germany's BioNTech said its existing Covid-19 vaccine, developed with Pfizer, would still be effective against the new variant. If not, “the beauty of the mRNA technology is we can directly start to engineer a vaccine that completely mimics this new mutation and we could manufacture a new vaccine within six weeks, said Ugur Sahin, BioNTech's chief executive.
德国生物技术公司BioNTech首席执行官乌古尔·沙欣表示,他们与辉瑞联合研发的新冠疫苗对新的病毒变种依旧有效,如果现有疫苗不再有效,“mRNA技术的好处在于我们可以直接开始研制一种能够完全模仿这个新变种的疫苗,而且6个星期之内就能投入生产。”

【知识点】

RNA疫苗或mRNA(信使RNA)疫苗是一种新型疫苗,它将病毒mRNA片段插入人体细胞中,通过重编程产生病原体抗原(如针刺蛋白或癌症抗原),然后激发针对病原体的适应性免疫反应。

 

Pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca and Oxford University plan to make an updated version of their COVID-19 vaccine that will target the new variant of the novel coronavirus found in South Africa.
制药企业阿斯利康与牛津大学计划以南非出现的新冠病毒变种为目标,对他们现有的新冠疫苗进行升级。


(中国日报网英语点津 Helen)

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