10月，中国正式加入“新冠肺炎疫苗实施计划”；中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发了《深圳建设中国特色社会主义先行示范区综合改革试点实施方案（2020－2025年）》；刑事责任年龄拟调整；“两高一部”发布指导意见应对“碰瓷”；新修订的《未成年人保护法》表决通过；部分车型驾照70岁年龄上限将取消；京沪高铁将推出“静音车厢”；中国共产党第十九届中央委员会第五次全体会议召开，审议通过了《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》（proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035）。
新冠肺炎疫苗实施计划 COVAX
China signed an agreement with Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, officially joining COVAX on Oct 8. This is an important step China has taken to uphold the concept of a shared community of health for all and to honor its commitment of turning COVID-19 vaccines into a global public good.
10月8日，中国同全球疫苗免疫联盟签署协议，正式加入“新冠肺炎疫苗实施计划”。这是中国秉持人类卫生健康共同体理念、履行自身承诺推动疫苗成为全球公共产品的一个重要举措。
新冠肺炎疫苗实施计划”由世界卫生组织和全球疫苗免疫联盟、流行病防范创新联盟共同牵头成立，拟于2021年底前向全球提供20亿剂新冠肺炎疫苗，供应给“自费经济体”和“受资助经济体”。包括我国在内的“自费经济体”需向该计划承诺为本经济体一定比例人口购买疫苗并缴纳预付款，而“受资助经济体”无须缴纳预付款，同时享受该计划补贴。
COVID-19 vaccine development and deployment in China, when available, will be made a global public good. This will be China’s contribution to ensuring vaccine accessibility and affordability in developing countries.
中国新冠疫苗研发完成并投入使用后，将作为全球公共产品，为实现疫苗在发展中国家的可及性和可担负性作出中国贡献。
中国特色社会主义先行示范区 a pilot demonstration area of socialism with Chinese characteristics
中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发了《深圳建设中国特色社会主义先行示范区综合改革试点实施方案（2020－2025年）》。
Supporting Shenzhen to pilot the comprehensive authorized reform measures is another significant step to advance the city's opening-up in the new era and a key move in building a pilot demonstration area of socialism with Chinese characteristics, said the document.
方案指出，支持深圳实施综合授权改革试点，是新时代推动深圳改革开放再出发的又一重大举措，是建设中国特色社会主义先行示范区的关键一招。
方案提出的主要目标是：
In 2020, major reform measures are expected to be taken in the spheres of market-based allocation of production factors, business environment optimization, and the utilization of urban space, while a list specifying the first batch of authorized matters shall be formulated and implemented.
2020年，在要素市场化配置、营商环境优化、城市空间统筹利用等重要领域推出一批重大改革措施，制定实施首批综合授权事项清单，推动试点开好局、起好步。
In 2022, significant institutional achievements that can be replicated and promoted shall be made in all relevant aspects.
2022年，各方面制度建设取得重要进展，形成一批可复制可推广的重大制度成果，试点取得阶段性成效。
In 2025, landmark achievements shall be scored, with the pilot reform tasks basically completed and providing an essential paradigm for institutional building throughout the country.
2025年，重要领域和关键环节改革取得标志性成果，基本完成试点改革任务，为全国制度建设作出重要示范。
方案其他要点：
To further optimize business environment, the plan said that the special economic zone will draw up a list of special measures to relax restrictions on sectors including energy, telecommunication, public service, transport and education based on the nationwide negative list.
进一步优化营商环境，在全国统一的市场准入负面清单基础上，制定深圳放宽市场准入特别措施清单，放宽能源、电信、公用事业、交通运输、教育等领域市场准入。
Greater efforts will be made to further loosen limits on foreign investment in cutting-edge technologies, and improve the system of fair competition, the document said.
进一步放宽前沿技术领域的外商投资准入限制。支持完善公平竞争制度。
The city will pilot the legal protection of new intellectual property rights (IPR), establish a compensation system for IPR infringements, and explore legislation in emerging areas.
开展新型知识产权法律保护试点，建立知识产权侵权惩罚性赔偿制度，在新兴领域加强立法探索。
Shenzhen will also help foreign talent obtain Chinese permanent residence permits and attend professional qualification examinations.
为符合条件的外籍高层次人才申请永久居留提供便利。放宽境外人员参加各类职业资格考试的限制。
Opening-up in the finance and shipping industries will be strengthened, with more efforts to advance the renminbi internationalization and improve the foreign exchange management system.
扩大金融业、航运业等对外开放。支持深圳在推进人民币国际化方面先行先试，推动完善外汇管理体制。
Foreign institutions will be encouraged to set up securities and fund management companies in the city, the document said.
支持符合条件的外资金融机构在深圳依法发起设立证券公司、基金管理公司。
野生动物 wild animals
Captive breeding of 45 types of wild animals, including bamboo rats, will be phased out by the end of this year, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration said.
国家林草局表示，对于竹鼠等45种野生动物，要在年底前逐步停止养殖活动。
确需适量保留种源（for the purpose of keeping the species alive）用于科学研究等非食用性目的的，要充分论证工作方案的可行性，并严格履行相关手续。
【词汇讲解】
这里的短语phase out表示“逐步淘汰，逐步停止”，因为phase本身就有“阶段”的意思，所以phase out强调的就是分阶段、一步一步地停止。比如：They phased out my job in favor of a computer.（他们一步步用电脑取代了我的岗位）。这个短语的名词形式是phase-out，比如：The project is currently in its phase-out period.（这个项目目前处于逐步收尾阶段）。
Another 19 wild animals, including hedgehogs, guinea pigs, nutrias and cobras, will be allowed to be raised for species protection, scientific study, medical use and the pet industry, but stricter regulation of farming and quarantine inspections will be required.
对于刺猬、豚鼠、海狸鼠、眼镜蛇等19种野生动物，允许用于保留种源、科研、药用、宠物等非食用性目的的养殖，强化日常监督管理，严格落实防疫检疫相关要求。
今年2月24日，十三届全国人大常委会第十六次会议表决通过了《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命健康安全的决定》。
The decision has made it clear that all wildlife on the protection list of the existing Wild Animal Protection Law or other laws, and all terrestrial wildlife, including those artificially bred and farmed, are banned from consumption.
决定明确规定，凡野生动物保护法和其他有关法律禁止的，以及人工繁育、人工饲养的陆生野生动物，全面禁止食用。
全面禁止以食用为目的猎捕、交易、运输在野外环境自然生长繁殖的陆生野生动物（hunting, trading and transportation of wild terrestrial animals for purposes of consumption）。
对于鸽、兔等人工养殖、利用时间长、技术成熟，人民群众已广泛接受的人工饲养的动物（farm-raised animals），决定规定，列入畜禽遗传资源目录的动物，属于家畜家禽（under the category of poultry and livestock），适用畜牧法的规定。
青少年犯罪 juvenile delinquency
10月13日，刑法修正案（十一）草案二审稿提请全国人大常委会审议。草案二审稿的一系列新修改引人注目。
* 拟个别调整刑事责任年龄
If a juvenile who has reached the age of 12, but is under 14, commits intentional homicide or inflicts an injury that leads to death under flagrant circumstances, he or she shall bear criminal responsibility upon attestation and approval of the Supreme People's Procuratorate (SPP), according to the draft.
草案规定，已满12周岁不满14周岁的人，犯故意杀人、故意伤害罪，致人死亡，情节恶劣的，经最高人民检察院核准，应当负刑事责任。
【单词讲解】
英语中关于“青少年犯罪”有一个固定的说法juvenile delinquency/juvenile offending，juvenile读作[dʒuːvənaɪl]，指“未成年、青少年”，也可以用作形容词表示某人“孩子气的、幼稚的”，与childish、silly意思相近，比如：Don't be so juvenile（别那么幼稚了）。Delinquency这个词读作[dɪlɪŋkwənsi]，指“违法行为”，尤指青少年的违法行为，实施违法行为的青少年就可以称为delinquent。
草案规定，因不满16周岁不予刑事处罚的，责令他的家长或者监护人加以管教；在必要的时候，依法进行专门矫治教育（corrective education）。
* 拟明确规定监护、收养等人员性侵犯罪
The draft stipulates that guardians and those who adopt underage females aged between 14 and 16 shall be investigated for engaging in criminal sexual activity, regardless of whether the minors agree or not. Others targeted include those who have special duties of giving medical treatment to and educating the juveniles.
草案规定，对负有监护、收养、看护、教育、医疗等特殊职责人员，与已满14周岁不满16周岁未成年女性发生性关系的，不论未成年人是否同意，都应追究刑事责任。
【单词讲解】
这里的underage和minor都表示“未成年”，二者的区别在于，underage是形容词，表示“is legally too young to do something”，也就是“未到法定年龄的”，比如：underage youth（未成年人）、underage drinking（未成年人饮酒行为）等；而minor是名词，与adult相对，大家应该都很熟悉了，比如：cigarette sales to minors are not allowed（禁止向未成年人销售香烟）。
此外，草案还明确将“冒名顶替上大学”等行为规定为犯罪。
草案规定，盗用、冒用他人身份，顶替他人取得的高等学历教育入学资格、公务员录用资格、就业安置待遇的（identity theft in college admission, public office qualification and employment），处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制，并处罚金。
碰瓷 staged crash fraud
最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部近日联合印发《关于依法办理“碰瓷”违法犯罪案件的指导意见》，全面加强对此类违法犯罪行为的打击力度。
The guideline identifies and specifies several illegal acts, such as deliberately crashing a car to claim compensation, and their corresponding punishments.
指导意见针对“碰瓷”手法多样的情况，进一步明确案件的定性和处罚。
【单词讲解】
这里用deliberately crashing a car to claim compensation来表示“碰瓷”，其实是用了解释说明的办法，即“故意撞车以索要赔偿”，更简洁的表达可以是“staged crash fraud”或“staged (auto) accident fraud”。我们都知道stage作为名词有“舞台”的意思，用作动词的时候stage也可以表示“（为了吸引公众注意而）安排、组织（某件事）”，所以，staged crash/accident都是“刻意制造出来的车祸（意外）”，而最后的fraud正是组织这件事的目的。
指导意见明确，
Acts of fabricating facts, concealing truths and swindling compensation, that meet the relating provisions of the Criminal Law, shall be convicted and punished as the crime of fraud, according to the guideline.
虚构事实、隐瞒真相，骗取赔偿，符合刑法有关规定的，以诈骗罪定罪处罚。
Malicious behavior, including fabricating facts about the infringement of personal or property rights and interests as well as bringing a civil lawsuit on the grounds of a fake civil dispute, shall be punished as the offense of false charges if meeting the relating provisions of the Criminal Law, it adds.
捏造人身、财产权益受到侵害的事实，虚构民事纠纷，提起民事诉讼，符合刑法有关规定的，以虚假诉讼罪定罪处罚。
The guideline also stipulates that whoever deliberately causes a traffic accident and blackmails the victim utilizing the victim's violation of provisions on road passage, which meets the relating provisions of the Criminal Law, shall be punished as the crime of extortion by blackmail.
“碰瓷”团伙若故意制造交通事故进而利用被害人违反道路通行规定等相要挟的，符合刑法有关规定的，以敲诈勒索罪定罪处罚。
【单词讲解】
这里表达“敲诈勒索”时用到了两个词：extortion和blackmail。我们先说大家更熟悉的blackmail，这个词强调的是“对方手里有受害人的某种把柄，并以此为要挟，要求受害人支付钱财”，所以我们通常翻译为“勒索”。Extortion适用的范围要比blackmail更广，除了用黑料要挟受害人以外，还包括用暴力、恐吓、损坏财物等手段威胁受害人，以得到财物，所以，extortion在法律领域通常翻译为“恐吓取财”。
A relatively stable criminal organization formed by three or more persons for committing such blackmail-related crimes jointly should be considered as a criminal group, it said, noting that those in conformity with the identification standard of gang crimes should be investigated, prosecuted and tried accordingly.
三人以上为共同故意实施“碰瓷”犯罪而组成的较为固定的犯罪组织，应当认定为犯罪集团。符合黑恶势力认定标准的，应当按照黑社会性质组织、恶势力或者恶势力犯罪集团侦查、起诉、审判。
消除绝对贫困 eradicate absolute poverty
Tibet Autonomous Region has accomplished the historical feat of eradicating absolute poverty, according to a press briefing held in the regional capital of Lhasa Thursday. By the end of 2019, Tibet had lifted 628,000 people out of poverty and delisted 74 county-level areas from the poverty list, said Wu Yingjie, Communist Party of China chief of Tibet.
西藏自治区委员会书记吴英杰在发布会上表示，截至2019年底，西藏74个贫困县全部摘帽，62.8万建档立卡贫困人口全部脱贫，历史性消除绝对贫困。
【知识点】
脱贫攻坚中经常提到的四类重点人群是：建档立卡贫困户（households registered as living under the poverty line）、低保户（people eligible for subsistence allowances）、农村分散供养特困人员（individuals who live at home in rural areas in extreme poverty and receive basic assistance）和贫困残疾人家庭（the families of people with disabilities affected by poverty）。
西藏是全国“三区三州”深度贫困地区中唯一的省级集中连片特困地区（the only contiguous poor area at the provincial level），是脱贫攻坚之初全国贫困发生率最高（the highest poverty headcount ratio）、贫困程度最深、扶贫成本最高、脱贫难度最大的区域。
为此，党中央制定特殊优惠政策，西藏各族干部群众奋发有为，改变了雪域高原千百年来贫穷落后的面貌。
Since 2016, Tibet has spent 74.8 billion yuan of agriculture-related funds in poverty alleviation, with an average annual increase of over 15 percent, Wu said.
2016年以来，西藏累计统筹整合涉农资金748亿元用于脱贫攻坚，年均增幅超过15%。
Since 2016, a total of 39.89 billion yuan has been invested in 2,984 poverty alleviation projects, which helped lift more than 238,000 impoverished people out of poverty and benefited more than 840,000 people, according to Wu.
2016年以来，西藏累计投入398.9亿元，实施产业扶贫项目2984个，带动23.8万贫困人口脱贫，受益群众超过84万人。
To date, the construction of 965 relocation sites has been completed, and 266,000 people have moved into new houses.
截至目前，已建成965个易地扶贫搬迁安置区（点），26.6万人搬迁入住。
经第三方评估，西藏脱贫攻坚群众满意度达99%以上。
消除绝对贫困后，西藏脱贫攻坚将全面转入巩固提升阶段（consolidate poverty alleviation achievements）。
易地搬迁和职业培训坚持群众自愿
Qizhala, chairman of the regional government of Tibet, told the press briefing that there are no forced vocational education and ensuing employment transfers for local farmers and herders.
西藏自治区主席齐扎拉表示，不存在强迫当地农牧民参与职业培训和转移就业的问题。
With Tibet eliminating absolute poverty and a spate of preferential policies implemented to benefit the people, residents have strong desires to work outside their hometowns and to learn skills. The government answers their desires and demands, Qizhala said.
随着西藏消除绝对贫困并实施一系列惠民政策，老百姓有强烈的愿望外出打工，老百姓有强烈的愿望想去学技术，而且政府顺应了他的愿望和需求。
Vocational education and skills training are popular among local farmers and herders, with them earning a larger proportion of their incomes with skills, said the chairman.
职业教育和技术培训在农牧民当中很受欢迎，劳动力收入中有技术含量的收入比重在不断提高。
Local farmers and herders can choose to work within Tibet or in neighboring or other regions, making employment choices of their own free will, Qizhala said.
当地农牧民可以选择在西藏就业，也可以去临近或其他地区就业，就业选择自主决定。
未成年人保护法 Law on Protection of Minors
10月17日，新修订的《未成年人保护法》经十三届全国人大常委会第二十二次会议表决通过，自2021年6月1日起施行。
The amended Law on Protection of Minors has almost twice as many clauses as the old version of the law and includes a new chapter on internet protection in a bid to protect those under the age of 18 when they are online.
新修订的《未成年人保护法》比现行法律增加了近一倍条款，并新增“网络保护”章，以保护未成年人网络安全。
【单词讲解】
Minor这个词用法很多，可以用作动词、名词和形容词。在法律上，minor指未满18岁的人，即“未成年人”。在学校里，minor可以指“辅修（课程）”或者“辅修生”，与major（专业）相对，比如，I'm minoring in computer science./Computer science is my minor.（我辅修计算机科学。）用作形容词的时候，minor也是与major相对的，表示“次要的、轻微的、小的”，比如，She played a number of minor roles in films.（她在电影里扮演过一些小角色。）
Underage和minor都表示“未成年”，二者的区别在于，underage是形容词，表示“is legally too young to do something”，也就是“未到法定年龄的”，比如：underage youth（未成年人）、underage drinking（未成年人饮酒行为）等；而minor是名词，与adult相对，大家应该都很熟悉了，比如：cigarette sales to minors are not allowed（禁止向未成年人销售香烟）。
针对未成年人沉迷网络等问题，新修订的《未成年人保护法》作出规定：
Internet product and service providers shall not offer minors with products and services that induce addiction, says the revision.
网络产品和服务提供者不得向未成年人提供诱导其沉迷的产品和服务。
Providers of online services, including game, livestream, audio and video, and social media, shall set up corresponding functions such as time limit, authorization and consumption limit for minors, according to the revision.
网络游戏、网络直播、网络音视频、网络社交等网络服务提供者应当针对未成年人使用其服务设置相应的时间管理、权限管理、消费管理等功能。
在应对网络欺凌方面，新修订的《未成年人保护法》作出规定，
The minors under cyberbullying and their parents and guardians have the right to inform the internet service providers to take measures such as deleting, blocking or disconnecting links.
遭受网络欺凌的未成年人及其父母或者其他监护人有权通知网络服务提供者采取删除、屏蔽、断开链接等措施。
【单词讲解】
Cyberbullying（网络欺凌），这个概念指的是人们通过互联网对个人或群体的恶意、重复伤害行为。Bully这个词作名词讲的时候就是指“恶霸，仗势欺人者”，比如：I fell victim to the office bully.（我成了办公室恶霸的欺凌对象），所以，实施网络欺凌的人是cyberbully，实施校园欺凌的人就叫school bully。
Upon receiving the notice, the service provider shall take necessary measures to stop the bullying and prevent the spread of related information, says the revision.
网络服务提供者接到通知后，应当及时采取必要的措施制止网络欺凌行为，防止信息扩散。
向性侵和欺凌说不
The revision also makes provisions on sexual assault and harassment against minors, stipulating that schools and kindergartens shall not conceal such illegal and criminal acts, and shall promptly report to the public security and education authorities, and cooperate with relevant departments according to law.
对性侵害、性骚扰未成年人等违法犯罪行为，学校、幼儿园不得隐瞒，应当及时向公安机关、教育行政部门报告，并配合相关部门依法处理。
The revised law makes it clear that the country should establish a database of offenders who sexually assault, abuse, abduct or violently harm children and share the information with facilities that work with minors.
国家建立性侵害、虐待、拐卖、暴力伤害等违法犯罪人员信息查询系统，向密切接触未成年人的单位提供免费查询服务。
强化各方报告义务
Hotel operators should ask children for the phone numbers of their parents or guardians when they try to check in alone or with other adults. The operators must call police quickly if they uncover a suspected crime or violation of the law.
旅馆、宾馆、酒店等住宿经营者接待未成年人入住，或者接待未成年人和成年人共同入住时，应当询问父母或者其他监护人的联系方式等有关情况；发现有违法犯罪嫌疑的，应当立即向公安机关报告。
含汞体温计 mercury thermometers
国家药监局在其网站发布《国家药监局综合司关于履行有关事项的通知》。
China will ban the production of mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers nationwide starting in 2026, according to the statement.
通知指出，自2026年起，我国将全面禁止生产含汞体温计和含汞血压计产品。
【单词讲解】
Mercury除了在这里表示“汞（水银）”之外，首字母大写的时候Mercury还是太阳系八大行星之一“水星”的英文名称，水星也是太阳系八大行星（eight planets in the solar system）中离太阳最近、体积最小的行星。其他几个行星按照距离太阳由近及远的顺序排列分别是：Venus（金星）、Earth（地球）、Mars（火星）、Jupiter（木星）、Saturn（土星）、Uranus（天王星）、Neptune（海王星）。
Thermometer读作[θə(r)'mɒmɪtə(r)]，指“温度计；体温计”，这个词由thermo和meter两部分组成，thermo表示“热的，热力的”，一般用作合成词的前缀，比如，thermoanalysis（热分析）等，我们冬季常用的保温杯就是thermos；meter在这里并不是我们所熟知的距离单位“米”，而是“计量器”，比如，出租车上计程打表的仪器就叫taxi meter。新冠肺炎疫情期间销售火爆的“额温枪”是forehead thermometer，机场、地铁使用的“红外测温仪”就是infrared-enabled thermometer。
通知提到：
Medical equipment manufacturers with valid registration certificates and production licenses are allowed to continue their production of such medical devices and will be granted renewal of their certificates until Dec 31, 2025.
已经取得医疗器械注册证的含汞体温计和含汞血压计产品，原注册证在证书有效期内继续有效，注册证有效期届满可以申请延续注册，但限定其注册证有效期不得超过2025年12月31日。
In terms of those who are in the process of acquiring production certification, the administration still will issue registration certificates and production licenses in accordance with the regulation, with the validity period not exceeding Dec 31, 2025.
已经按照医疗器械受理的含汞体温计和含汞血压计产品，继续按照医疗器械进行审评审批，准予注册的，发给医疗器械注册证，限定其注册证书有效期不得超过2025年12月31日。
【知识点】
汞俗称水银，是常温下唯一呈液态的金属（metal which is liquid at ordinary temperatures），大量应用于各种产品和工艺中。汞及其化合物（mercury and its compounds）的产生、使用和排放会造成环境污染（environmental pollution），严重时引起人类和哺乳类动物神经、免疫、生殖系统（neural, immune and reproductive systems）的机能紊乱，尤其对胎儿和孕妇有较大影响。
我国是首批加入《关于汞的水俣公约》（the Minamata Convention on Mercury）的国家，该公约简称为 《水俣公约》，其目标是保护人体健康和环境免受汞和汞化合物人为排放和释放的危害（to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of anthropogenic releases of mercury）。《水俣公约》得名于日本城市水俣，1950年代后期，水俣当地居民受到被汞污染的工业废水（the release of mercury into industrial wastewater）的毒害。全球通过了《关于汞的水俣公约》，以纪念因汞中毒而丧生的众多遇难者，并要求相关行业吸取教训。该公约通过采用现有的较好做法以及较安全替代品，对汞的生命周期进行管控来帮助所有国家。
新冠疫苗 COVID-19 vaccine
China currently has 13 vaccine candidates in clinical trials, of which three inactivated vaccines and one adenovirus vector vaccine are in phase three trials, and about 60,000 volunteers have been inoculated with the four vaccine candidates, said Tian Baoguo, deputy head of the Department of Science and Technology for Social Development of the Ministry of Science and Technology.
科技部社会发展科技司副司长田保国介绍，目前我国已有13个疫苗进入临床阶段。其中，灭活疫苗和腺病毒载体疫苗两种技术路线共4个疫苗进入三期临床。截至目前，共计约6万名受试者接种。
【单词讲解】
关于“疫苗”的几个词，vaccine就是“疫苗”本身，vaccinate就是“注射疫苗、接种疫苗”这个动作，而其名词形式vaccination就是“接种疫苗”这件事。上文中用到的inoculate在表示“接种（疫苗）”这个意思的时候与vaccinate是可以互换使用的，其名词形式是inoculation，不过inoculate还可以表示“灌输（思想）”，常用的搭配是inoculate someone with，比如：The teacher inoculated them with the idea that the individual can always make a difference in this world.（老师给他们灌输的思想是，个人是可以给这个世界带来改变的。）
Ⅲ期临床试验结果是验证疫苗保护力（vaccine-induced protection）国际公认的有效性指标。田保国介绍，目前进入Ⅲ期临床试验的新冠病毒疫苗，发生的不良反应基本为轻度不良反应（mild adverse reactions），比如接种部位局部疼痛、红肿（pain and swelling at the injection site），以及一过性的低烧、发热等。
今年年底我国疫苗产能或达6.1亿剂
国家卫生健康委科技发展中心主任郑忠伟介绍，
The nation's annual COVID-19 vaccine production capacity could reach 610 million doses this year and it will expand further next year.
预计今年年底我国疫苗的产能能达到6.1亿剂。明年我国新冠疫苗的年产能，将在此基础上有效扩大。
【单词讲解】
Capacity这个词通常表示“容量；（生产）能力”，比如，The stadium has a seating capacity of 50,000.（这个体育馆能容纳5万名观众）；We have enough production capacity to ensure equitable access to a COVID-19 vaccine. （我们有足够的产能确保新冠疫苗公平分配）。这几年的《政府工作报告》中经常提到的“三去一降一补”就包括“去产能”，完整的说法是：去产能、去库存、去杠杆、降成本、补短板（cutting overcapacity, destocking, deleveraging, reducing costs and fixing weak links）。
生态环境质量改善 environmental improvements
China will be able to meet all of its nine pollution control targets during the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-20) period as scheduled. "The environmental improvements in the country after 2015 have been bigger than those in each of the other five-year plan periods," said Zhao Yingmin, vice-minister of ecology and environment, at the news conference.
生态环境部副部长赵英民在发布会上表示，“十三五”时期是迄今为止生态环境质量改善成效最大的五年，我国将如期完成“十三五”规划纲要确定的9项污染防治指标。
【单词讲解】
这里的as scheduled是一个固定搭配，表示“按时、如期”，比如：The train will be leaving as scheduled.（火车会按时发车）。Schedule这个词，我们并不陌生，可以用作动词或名词表示“安排日程；日程”，比如，I have a hectic schedule this week（我这周要忙死了）。My English lesson is scheduled for 2 pm.（我的英语课安排在下午2点）。值得注意的是，这个词在英式英语和美式英语中的发音很不一样，在英式英语中读作[ˈʃedʒ.uːl]，在美式英语中读作[ˈskedʒ.uːl]，大家不要记混了哦。
从具体指标看，与2015年相比，
2019年全国地表水质量达到或好于Ⅲ类水体（the proportion of surface water with a water quality rating of Grade III or higher）比例上升8.9个百分点，达到74.9%，
地表水质量劣Ⅴ类水体比例（the proportion of water with quality below Grade V）下降6.3个百分点，达到3.4%；
细颗粒物（PM2.5）未达标地级及以上城市浓度（density of PM 2.5 in prefecture-level cities with low air quality standards）下降23.1%，
全国337个地级及以上城市空气质量优良天数比率（the proportion of days with good air quality in 337 prefecture-level cities）达到82%；
化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放总量（discharge of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and oxynitride）累计分别下降11.5%、11.9%、22.5%、16.3%；
单位GDP二氧化碳排放（carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP）累计降低18.2%。
除地级及以上城市空气质量优良天数比率这一项指标外，其余8项约束性指标均已完成“十三五”规划纲要确定的目标。
针对尚未完成的这一项指标，赵英民介绍，
From January to September, the proportion of days with fairly good air quality in those cities reached 87.2 percent, 5.7 percentage points higher than that of the same period in 2019. The country is expected to meet its ninth goal of at least 84.5 percent of days with good air quality in the 337 monitored cities by year's end.
今年1至9月，地级及以上城市空气质量优良天数比率为87.2%，同比上升5.7个百分点。预计能够顺利完成“十三五”规划纲要确定的“全国337个地级及以上城市空气质量优良天数比率达到84.5%以上”这个目标。
驾照年龄限制 age limit for driving license
China will allow citizens over 70 to apply for driving licenses, on condition that their health meets the requirements for safe driving, the Ministry of Public Security announced.
公安部表示，身体条件达到安全驾驶要求的情况下，70岁以上的人员可以申请驾照。
【单词讲解】
“驾照”可以用driving license或者driver's license表示。根据现行规定，想考取驾照的人必须上至少64小时的driving classes held by training schools（驾校课程），包括两门driving theory（驾照理论）课和两门driving practice（驾照实践）课。
允许70岁以上人员申请的驾照类型分别为小型汽车（compact cars）、小型自动挡汽车（compact automatic transmission cars）、轻便摩托车（lightweight motorcycle）。
Applicants over 70 will have to pass tests of their memory, judgment, reaction time and other abilities to ensure they are capable of driving safely. They will also need to have a medical checkup and submit the result each year.
70周岁以上人员考领驾驶证的，增加记忆力、判断力、反应力等能力测试，保证身体条件符合安全驾驶要求，且需每年进行一次身体检查，提交体检证明。
其他年龄限制调整
The minimum age requirement for a driver's license for a large coach will be reduced from 26 to 22, and that for a driver's license for a towing vehicle from 24 to 22. The upper age limit for a driver's license for large or medium-sized passenger cars and trucks will be raised from 50 to 60.
对于申请大型客车、牵引车驾驶证的年龄下限由26周岁、24周岁降低至22周岁，申请大中型客货车驾驶证年龄上限由50周岁调整至60周岁。
扩大体检医疗机构范围
License applicants will be able to have the checkups in nearby medical institutions, including township hospitals, community health service centers and physical examination centers.
驾照申请者可选择就近的乡镇卫生院、社区卫生服务中心、健康体检中心等医疗机构进行体检。
扩大机动车免检范围
Excluding minivans, noncommercial cars with seven to nine seats that have been in operation for more than six years but less than 10 years will no longer need to pass an annual inspection. Instead, they will now be inspected once every two years.
对非营运小微型客车（面包车除外）超过6年不满10年的，由每年检验1次调整为每两年检验1次。
新冠病毒核酸检测移动实验室 COVID-19 Mobile Laboratory
由清华大学、生物芯片北京国家工程研究中心和北京博奥晶典生物技术有限公司共同自主研发的国内首款由轻型客车搭载的新冠病毒核酸检测移动实验室正式交付。
The COVID-19 Mobile Laboratory can analyze nucleic acid samples on the spot, allowing people to obtain results within 45 minutes.
新冠病毒核酸检测移动实验室可现场分析核酸样本，45分钟内出结果。
移动实验室搭载了口腔咽拭子采样机器人（throat swap sampling robots），由机器人完成口腔咽拭子的采样，采样样本通过快速灭活处理（virus inactivation）后直接加入芯片分析系统（automatic microfluidic chip analyzers），彻底避免了常规PCR所需的核酸提取、体系配制等反复开盖及移液操作，最大程度降低了操作人员的感染风险及样本间发生交叉污染的风险（lower the risk of virus infection）。为方便检测结果快速上报，移动实验室同时配备5G通讯系统（5G communication system）。
使用灵活、便捷
The mobile lab can provide on-site tests for 500 to 2,000 people daily and requires only two staff members and a driver for its operation.
移动实验室每天可进行500至2000人份现场检测，只需要两名工作人员和一名司机就可运转。
It realizes the point-of-care testing and is particularly useful for frontier ports, communities and villages.
该实验室可实现即时检验，尤其可在边境口岸、社区、农村等地区使用。
【单词讲解】
这里的point-of-care testing是一个医学用语，一般称为“即时检验”，在英语里也称为near patient/ bedside/extra laboratory testing，指在病人旁边进行的临床检测或床边检测，是在采样现场即刻进行分析，省去标本在实验室检验的复杂处理程序，快速得到检验结果的一种新方法。
目前一个月能产20台
The lab is now priced at 2 million yuan each and the current production capacity is about 20 per month.
目前，该实验室的定价为一台200万元，一个月能产20台。
The cost will be reduced with rising production capacity in the future.
未来，随着产能提高，价格也将随之下降。
静音车厢 quiet carriage
京沪高速铁路股份有限公司表示，今年年底前，京沪高铁将推出“静音车厢”及计次季票等新型票制产品系列服务新举措。
The quiet carriages are aimed at providing a more tranquil and comfortable ambience for travelers. Passengers willing to obey the rules can choose the "quiet carriage" while booking tickets on the website or mobile app 12306, according to the Beijing-Shanghai High Speed Railway Co. Ltd.
京沪高速铁路股份有限公司表示，“静音车厢”可为旅客提供更加安静舒适的旅行环境，愿意遵守相应行为规范的旅客，通过12306网站和手机客户端等购票时可自行选择“静音车厢”。
【单词讲解】
这里的ambience，读作[ˈæm.bi.əns]，也可以拼写为ambiance，一般指某个地方（或某人）的“氛围、格调”，即 a feeling or mood associated with a particular place, person, or thing，与atmosphere的意思相近，比如：The restaurant's soft music and candlelight gave it a romantic ambience.餐厅的轻音乐和蜡烛营造出一种浪漫的氛围。
【知识点：compartment和carriage有什么区别】
铁路客车上一节一节的车厢在英式英语中一般用coach或carriage表示，美式英语中常用car表示，乘客车厢就是passenger coach或passenger car，卧铺车厢中独立的隔间叫compartment。火车上其他功能的车厢还有：行李车厢（baggage car）、餐车（dinning car）、卧铺车厢（sleeping car）、硬座车厢（chair car）等。
除了“静音车厢”，京沪高铁还将推出新型票制产品。
The company will initiate a flexible pricing mechanism, offering preferential ticket prices for commuters and frequent business travelers.
京沪高铁公司将建立灵活定价机制，为通勤客流以及频繁出行的商务客流提供票价优惠。
自2020年12月23日起，京沪高铁公司将对京沪高铁运行时速300～350公里的高铁动车组列车公布票价进行优化调整。根据客流情况（passenger flow），区分季节、时段、席别、区段等，各站间执行票价将以公布票价为上限，实行多档次、灵活升降的票价体系，为旅客出行提供更多选择。
Under the system, the ticket price for a second-class seat will be between 598 and 498 yuan. For a business class seat, the price will be between 1,998 and 1,748 yuan.
按照新的定价机制，京沪间二等座最低票价498元，最高票价598元；商务座票价在1748元至1998元之间。
手机浏览器 browser apps
The Cyberspace Administration of China told operators of the browser apps to conduct self-examinations and rectify problems by Nov 9. The problems include the spreading of rumors, the use of sensational headlines and the dissemination of vulgar content, the statement said.
国家网信办要求手机浏览器运营商在11月9日之前进行自查整改，整改的问题包括，传播谣言、“标题党”，以及传播低俗内容等。
【单词讲解】
“标题党”多指互联网内容发布时使用各种夸张的语言和引人注目的图片诱导人们点击链接，完成引流。但点进去你会发现，里面的故事或新闻多数是假的或者根本就文不对题。在英语中有一个专门的词来描述这种“标题党”行为，就是clickbait，即click（点击）+bait（诱饵）的合成形式，很直观地表现了诱导你点击的这个意思。
在英文报道中，我们常说的“三俗”（庸俗、低俗、媚俗）通常用vulgarity and kitsch表示，kitsch 读作[ˈkich]，指“迎合低级趣味的事物”，多译为媚俗。“反三俗”就可以用anti-vulgarity campaign 表示。
国家网信办的公告指出，
For some time, mobile browsers have grown in an uncivilized way, with irregularities in publishing and spreading information. Some have become a gathering place and amplifier for dissemination of chaos by a few self-media accounts that are illegally editing news.
一段时间以来，手机浏览器野蛮生长，违规从事互联网新闻信息服务，成为“自媒体”传播乱象的聚集地和放大器。
此次专项整治对行业突出问题实施“靶向治疗”（targeted treatment），通过督导整改立起“带电的高压线”（binding rules），推动手机浏览器传播秩序短期内实现实质性好转。
自查整改结束后，网信部门将对自查整改情况检查评估。
If they still have outstanding problems, they'll be dealt with strictly in line with laws and regulations until related businesses are banned
对问题依然突出的手机浏览器，将依法依规严肃处置，直至取缔相关业务。
【单词讲解】
看到这里的outstanding，可能有人会觉得我们用错词了，outstanding不是“优秀的、出色的”意思吗？其实不然，outstanding作为形容词还有一个常用的意思就是“尚未完成的，尚待解决的”意思，比如：$450 million in outstanding debts（4.5亿美元的未偿还债务）， a couple of problems outstanding（尚未解决的一些问题）等。
10月27日，UC、QQ、华为、360、搜狗、小米、vivo、OPPO等8款影响力较大的手机浏览器按照国家网信办要求，统一发布《自查整改公告》。
公告称，根据国家网信办商业网站平台和“自媒体”传播秩序突出问题集中整治工作部署，自即日起至11月9日，对存在的网络传播秩序问题进行全面自查，深入整改。
承载量 carrying capacity
China plans to lay down a red line on carrying capacities to cope with potential overtourism at its grotto relics, said heritage and tourism authorities.
国家文物和旅游管理部门表示，将对石窟寺等遗产景区设置承载量警示线，以解决可能出现的过度旅游问题。
【单词讲解】
这里的carrying capacity原本是生物学领域的一个术语，指“the maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can sustainably support”（一个生态系统能够持续供养的有机生物体最大量），即“环境承载力”，超过了这个数量，就可能出现资源短缺，从而导致有机生物体数量下降的情况。在日常生活中，carrying capacity也可以用来表示景区、公交、地铁等各种不同场合的“承载量”，比如：carrying capacity of a school bus（校车承载量）、carrying capacity of a scenic spot（景区承载量）、current carrying capacity（电流负载容量）等。
通知要求，各省级文物行政部门应会同文化和旅游行政部门合理测算、从严设定石窟寺景区游客承载量。游客承载量应包括核心景区承载量（core areas）、重要区域(如窟前平台)承载量（key areas）、各开放洞窟承载量（individual caves）、栈道/游步道承载量（cliff paths at grotto sites），重点洞窟和栈道必须确定瞬时承载量（instantaneous carrying capacity）。
严格控制游客数量
The notice listed an array of measures to help control tourist flow, including online reservations, digital ticketing, and staggered visiting times.
通知列出了一些控制客流的措施，包括网络预约、电子票务、错峰参观等。
【单词讲解】
这里的an array of是一个固定搭配的短语，表示“一群，一批，一堆”等意思，比如， an array of perfumes and creams on the table（桌上有各种香水和面霜）， an array of leather shoes in stock（一批皮鞋现货）等。
Management teams of grotto relics are also encouraged to create digital versions of museums, develop smart relic sites, and introduce VR services to offer better touring experience.
鼓励石窟寺景区通过建设数字博物馆、智慧景区以及虚拟体验等措施，提升游客参观游览体验。
坚持保护第一
通知要求，妥善处理保护利用与旅游开发的关系（address the relationship between conservation and use and tourism development），避免石窟寺景区过度商业化（excessive commercialization）、娱乐化。
十九届五中全会 the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee
中国共产党第十九届中央委员会第五次全体会议，于2020年10月26日至29日在北京举行。
全会听取和讨论了习近平受中央政治局委托作的工作报告，审议通过了《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》（proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035）。
以下为公报双语要点：
“十三五”规划目标任务即将完成，决胜全面建成小康社会取得决定性成就
The work of the Political Bureau was fully acknowledged, says the communique, adding that China has seen its economic growth beat expectations, people's living standards ensured, and the overall situation of society maintained stable over the past year.
全会充分肯定党的十九届四中全会以来中央政治局的工作。经济增长好于预期，人民生活得到有力保障，社会大局保持稳定。
“十三五”时期，全面深化改革取得重大突破，全面依法治国取得重大进展，全面从严治党取得重大成果，国家治理体系和治理能力现代化加快推进，中国共产党领导和我国社会主义制度优势进一步彰显；经济实力、科技实力、综合国力跃上新的大台阶，经济运行总体平稳，经济结构持续优化：
China's gross domestic product expected to exceed 100 trillion yuan ($14.9 trillion) in 2020
预计二〇二〇年国内生产总值突破一百万亿元；
55.75 million rural residents lifted out of poverty
五千五百七十五万农村贫困人口实现脱贫；
More than 60 million new urban jobs created
城镇新增就业超过六千万人；
Annual grain output remained above 650 million metric tons for five consecutive years
粮食年产量连续五年稳定在一万三千亿斤以上；
Basic medical insurance covers over 1.3 billion people
基本医疗保险覆盖超过十三亿人；
Basic old-age insurance covers nearly 1 billion people
基本养老保险覆盖近十亿人
The communique says China is still in an important period of strategic opportunity for development at present and for the foreseeable future, but there are new developments in both opportunities and challenges.
全会认为，当前和今后一个时期，我国发展仍然处于重要战略机遇期，但机遇和挑战都有新的发展变化。
2035年远景目标
The session raised a set of long-range objectives for China to basically achieve socialist modernization by 2035.
全会提出了到二〇三五年基本实现社会主义现代化远景目标。
-- China's economic and technological strength, and composite national strength will increase significantly. A new stride will be made in the growth of the economy and the per capita income of urban and rural residents. Making major breakthroughs in core technologies in key areas, China will become a global leader in innovation;
我国经济实力、科技实力、综合国力将大幅跃升，经济总量和城乡居民人均收入将再迈上新的大台阶，关键核心技术实现重大突破，进入创新型国家前列；
-- New industrialization, IT application, urbanization, and agricultural modernization will be basically achieved. China will finish building a modernized economy;
基本实现新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化，建成现代化经济体系；
-- The modernization of China's system and capacity for governance will be basically achieved. The people's rights to participate and to develop as equals will be adequately protected. The rule of law for the country, the government, and society will be basically in place;
基本实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，人民平等参与、平等发展权利得到充分保障，基本建成法治国家、法治政府、法治社会；
-- China will become a strong country in culture, education, talent, sports and health. The well-rounded development of all people and social etiquette and civility will be significantly enhanced. China's cultural soft power will grow much stronger;
建成文化强国、教育强国、人才强国、体育强国、健康中国，国民素质和社会文明程度达到新高度，国家文化软实力显著增强；
-- Eco-friendly ways of work and life will be advanced to cover all areas of society. Carbon emission will steadily decline after reaching a peak, and there will be a fundamental improvement in the environment with the goal of building a Beautiful China basically reached;
广泛形成绿色生产生活方式，碳排放达峰后稳中有降，生态环境根本好转，美丽中国建设目标基本实现；
-- The opening-up will reach a new stage with substantial growth of the country's strengths for participating in international economic cooperation and competition;
形成对外开放新格局，参与国际经济合作和竞争新优势明显增强；
-- The per capita GDP will reach the level of moderately developed countries. The size of the middle-income group will be significantly expanded. Equitable access to basic public services will be ensured. Disparities in urban-rural development, in development between regions, and in living standards will be significantly reduced;
人均国内生产总值达到中等发达国家水平，中等收入群体显著扩大，基本公共服务实现均等化，城乡区域发展差距和居民生活水平差距显著缩小；
-- The implementation of the Peaceful China initiative will be promoted to a higher level. The modernization of national defense and the military will be basically achieved;
平安中国建设达到更高水平，基本实现国防和军队现代化；
-- People will lead a better life, and more notable and substantial progress will be achieved in promoting well-rounded human development and achieving common prosperity for everyone.
人民生活更加美好，人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展。
“十四五”经济社会发展主要目标
The session also laid down a set of guiding principles to be followed, and major economic and social development targets for the next five years.
全会提出了“十四五”时期经济社会发展指导思想和必须遵循的原则，以及经济社会发展主要目标。
For the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China will speed up fostering a new development pattern where domestic and foreign markets can boost each other, with the domestic market as the mainstay, the communique says.
“十四五”时期，加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。
China will strive to make new strides in economic development during the period. It aims to realize sustained and healthy economic development on the basis of a marked improvement in quality and efficiency.
经济发展取得新成效，在质量效益明显提升的基础上实现经济持续健康发展。
With new steps to be taken in reform and opening up, China will further improve its socialist market economy and basically complete the building of a high-standard market system.
改革开放迈出新步伐，社会主义市场经济体制更加完善，高标准市场体系基本建成。
China's social etiquette and civility shall be further enhanced, while the core socialist values shall be embraced by the people. The country aims to make new progress in building an ecological civilization, boost the well-being of people, and enhance governance capacity.
社会文明程度得到新提高，社会主义核心价值观深入人心。生态文明建设实现新进步，民生福祉达到新水平，国家治理效能得到新提升。
全会提出12项重要举措：
Uphold the central role of innovation in the modernization drive and implementing the innovation-driven development strategy.
坚持创新在我国现代化建设全局中的核心地位，深入实施创新驱动发展战略;
Continue to take the real economy as the focus of its economic development, unswervingly build itself into a manufacturer of quality and enhance its strength in cyberspace and digital technology.
坚持把发展经济着力点放在实体经济上，坚定不移建设制造强国、质量强国、网络强国、数字中国;
Nurture a strong domestic market and establish a new development pattern,
形成强大国内市场，构建新发展格局；
Comprehensively deepen reform in pursuit of a high-level socialist market economy,
全面深化改革，构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制；
Prioritize the development of agriculture and rural areas, fully advance rural vitalization,
优先发展农业农村，全面推进乡村振兴；
Push forward coordinated regional development and a new type of urbanization, among others.
推进区域协调发展和新型城镇化；
Promote the country's cultural soft power,
提高国家文化软实力；
Advance green development,
推动绿色发展；
Pursue a new round of high-level opening-up
实行高水平对外开放；
Further improve the quality of people's lives,
改善人民生活品质；
Coordinate development and security,
统筹发展和安全；
Speed up the modernization of national defense and the military.
加快国防和军队现代化。
The communique stresses that the overall leadership of the CPC must be upheld to realize the 14th Five-Year Plan and achieve the long-range objectives set for 2035.
全会强调，实现“十四五”规划和二〇三五年远景目标，必须坚持党的全面领导。
It also says that China is committed to maintaining lasting prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao as well as advancing the peaceful development of cross-Strait relations and national reunification.
要保持香港、澳门长期繁荣稳定，推进两岸关系和平发展和祖国统一。
China will hold high the banner of peace, development, cooperation, and mutual benefit, and strive to create a favorable external environment and promote the building of a new type of international relations and a community with a shared future for humanity, it adds.
要高举和平、发展、合作、共赢旗帜，积极营造良好外部环境，推动构建新型国际关系和人类命运共同体。
